Colorectal cancer and immunity: What we know and perspectives
Open accessAbstract
Strong evidence supports the concept of immunosurveillance and immunoediting in colorectal cancer. In particular, the density of T CD8⁺ and CD45⁺ lymphocyte infiltration was recently shown to have a better prognostic value than the classic tumor node metastasis classification factor. Other immune subsets, as macrophages, natural killer cells or unconventionnal lymphocytes, seem to play an important role. Induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) or immunosuppressive molecules such as PD-1 or CTLA-4 and downregulation of antigen-presenting molecules are major escape mechanisms to antitumor immune response. The development of these mechanisms is a major obstacle to the establishment of an effective immune response, but also to the use of immunotherapy. Although immunotherapy is not yet routinely used in colorectal cancer, we now know that most treatments used (chemotherapy and biotherapy) have immunomodulatory effects, such as induction of immunogenic cell death by chemotherapy, inhibition of immunosuppression by antiangiogenic agents, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity induced by cetuximab. Finally, many immunotherapy strategies are being developed and tested in phase I to III clinical trials. The most promising strategies are boosting the immune system with cytokines, inhibition of immunoregulatory checkpoints, vaccination with vectorized antigens, and adoptive cell therapy. Comprehension of antitumor immune response and combination of the different approaches of immunotherapy may allow the use of effective immunotherapy for treatment of colorectal cancer in the near future.
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Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions enhance T cell activity against cancer cells by restoring their activation, proliferation, function, and downstream immune signaling.
“Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions have been demonstrated to enhance T cell activity against cancer cells by restoring their activation, proliferation, function, and downstream immune signaling [123].”
From Current and Future Trends of Colorectal Cancer Treatment: Exploring Advances in Immunotherapy (2024) · cites this paper as [123]
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- Authors
- Pernot, S.
- Affiliations
- Sorbonne Paris Cité (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Pernot, Simon
- ORCID
- Pernot, Simon
- Venue
- World Journal of Gastroenterology
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 3738
- ISSN
- 1007-9327 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3983433
- OpenAlex
- W2050237800
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Gastroenterology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Treatments and Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- colorectal cancer, tumor immunology, immune surveillance, immunoediting, CD8+ T cell infiltration, prognostic factors, tumor-associated macrophages, natural killer cells, regulatory T cells, PD-1, CTLA-4, tumor immune evasion, angiogenesis inhibitors, cetuximab, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, cytokine therapy, cancer vaccination, adoptive immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Antineoplastic Agents, HLA Antigens, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Immunotherapy, Killer Cells, Natural, Lymphocytes, Macrophages, Prognosis, Vaccination, Colorectal Neoplasms, Leukocyte Common Antigens, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Microsatellite Repeats, CTLA-4 Antigen, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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