Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness
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Most studies supporting the existence of unconscious priming rely on a dissociation procedure, i.e., showing that prime awareness is not significantly different from chance while also showing a significant priming effect.
“Most studies supporting the existence of unconscious priming rely on what is usually referred to as a dissociation procedure (Reingold and Merikle 1988, Hannula et al. 2005, Schmidt and Vorberg 2006), i.e. showing that prime awareness is not significantly different from chance, while also showing a significant priming effect.”
From Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach (2026) · cites this paper as Reingold and Merikle 1988
The paper’s opening discussion (p. 563) says many studies of perception without awareness use a dissociation between an awareness measure and an indirect measure. Its description of the procedure requires null sensitivity on the direct measure and greater-than-zero sensitivity on the indirect measure. It does not specifically establish that most unconscious-priming studies use this procedure, or equate null sensitivity with a result merely not significantly different from chance. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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Evidence for unconscious priming using a Bayesian single-subject approach
Sánchez-Fuenzalida, N., van Gaal, S., van den Hurk, Z., Stein, T., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2026) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niag052
- Authors
- Reingold, E. M., & Merikle, P. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Venue
- Perception & Psychophysics
- Published
- 1988-11
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 563-575
- ISSN
- 0031-5117 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5962
- OpenAlex
- W2068289922
- Cited by
- 596
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 19.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Perception & Psychophysics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- direct and indirect measures, unconscious processes, forced-choice recognition
- MeSH terms
- Awareness, Cognition, Consciousness, Humans, Models, Psychological, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Perception, Time Perception
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