The lateralized readiness potential as an on-line measure of central response activation processes
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Response preparation is not a discrete endpoint of cognition, but a continuous process through which partial perceptual and decisional information is progressively transmitted to the motor system.
“Mechanistically, this finding fits with models in which response preparation is not a discrete endpoint of cognition, but a continuous process through which partial perceptual and decisional information is progressively transmitted to the motor system [143,144,145].”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [145]
In “The LRP as an Index of Selective Central Response Activation” (page unavailable), Eimer describes studies of the partial transfer of stimulus information to motor stages. The paper also describes response activation before an overt response, supporting the idea that preparation need not wait until the end of processing. It does not establish the stronger claim that perceptual and decisional information is progressively transmitted in a continuous process rather than through discrete stages. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe LRP is generally interpreted as an electrophysiological marker of lateralised central motor activation, reflecting the preferential preparation of the response hand before or around response execution.
“The LRP is generally interpreted as an electrophysiological marker of lateralised central motor activation, reflecting the preferential preparation of the response hand before or around response execution [143,144,145,146].”
Stimulus-locked LRP measures are typically more informative about the timing of response selection and premotor preparation, whereas response-locked LRP activity reflects processes closer to response execution, including the final buildup of motor activation before overt movement.
“Stimulus-locked LRP measures are typically more informative about the timing of response selection and premotor preparation, whereas response-locked LRP activity reflects processes closer to response execution, including the final buildup of motor activation before overt movement [145,146,147,148].”
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“…scalp potential develops directly over the motor cortex (or electrode sites C3/ C4) in the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the responding hand—an electrophysiological indicator of central motor activation associated with the lateralized readiness potential (LRP; for a review, see Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundA parietal-premotor network for movement intention and motor awareness
Desmurget, M., & Sirigu, A. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.001 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
How many trials does it take to get a significant ERP effect? It depends
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“The LRP is an ERP that is associated with the selection and preparation of a lateralized manual response (see Eimer, 1998; Smulders & Miller, 2012, for reviews).”
MethodA psychophysiological analysis of inhibitory motor control in the stop-signal paradigm
Boxtel, G. J. M. V., van der Molen, M. W., Jennings, J. R., & BRUNIA, C. H. M. (2001) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00117-x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“This procedure results in negative-going waveforms of the activity contralateral to the side of the response, while lateralized activity unrelated to the side of the response is canceled out (Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodBanaschewski, T., & Brandeis, D. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01681.x · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“Its initial bilateral phase is followed by the lateralised readiness potential (LRP), which is contralateral to the movement and considered to reflect the output of the response selection stage (Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundSeparate modifiability, mental modules, and the use of pure and composite measures to reveal them
Sternberg, S. (2001) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00045-7 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Response facilitation and inhibition in subliminal priming
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“To investigate this, we ran an experiment where primes were again left-pointing and right-pointing arrows, but targets were now letter stimuli ('L' and 'R') which were mapped to left and right responses (Eimer and Schlaghecken, 1998, Exp. 1b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCortical Movement Preparation before and after a Conscious Decision to Move
Trevena, J. A., & Miller, J. O. (2002) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2002.0548 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
“EEG was recorded over both the left and right sensorimotor areas so that we could measure both the RP examined in earlier studies (Keller & Heckhausen, 1990; Libet et al., 1983) and the LRP, which appears to be a more direct measure of movement-specific brain activity (Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodLinks between conscious awareness and response inhibition: Evidence from masked priming
Martin Eimer, A., & Schlaghecken, F. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196307 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Brain preparation before a voluntary action: Evidence against unconscious movement initiation
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“…to which the motor cortex controlling a movement (i.e., contralateral to the moving hand) is more active than the motor cortex in the ipsilateral hemisphere, and it has many characteristics that make it a good measure of movement preparation (Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998; Miller & Hackley, 1992).”
Preparing for Action: Inferences from CNV and LRP
Leuthold, H., Sommer, W., & Ulrich, R. (2004) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.18.23.77 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Martin Eimer, A. (1999) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00009-8 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“The LRP is computed on the basis of the event-related brain potentials obtained above motor cortex areas that control right and left hand movements (for details, see Coles, Gratton & Donchin, 1988; De Jong, Wierda, Mulder & Mulder, 1988; Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998).”
MethodRinkenauer, G., Osman, A. M., Ulrich, R., Müller‐Gethmann, H., & Mattes, S. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.261 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“As its name suggests, the LRP is believed to be related closely to the lateralized portion of the readiness potential (RP; Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998; Eimer & Coles, 2003).”
BackgroundMotor processes in simple, go/no-go, and choice reaction time tasks: A psychophysiological analysis.
Miller, J. O., & Low, K. A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.27.2.266 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Locus of the effect of temporal preparation: Evidence from the lateralized readiness potential
Müller‐Gethmann, H., Ulrich, R., & Rinkenauer, G. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00061 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Interaction between startle and voluntary reactions in humans
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“Subjective appraisal of reaction time is probably generated by processes during motor preparation and has been related to the appearance of the lateralized premotor readiness potential, recorded as a diVerential potential between motor areas of both sides (Eimer 1998; Haggard and Eimer 1999).”
BackgroundBrain symmetry and topographic analysis of lateralized event-related potentials
Oostenveld, R., Stegeman, D. F., Praamstra, P., & van Oosterom, A. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00059-2 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
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“The LRP, which reflects activation processes within the motor cortex for action preparation after action selection (Eimer, 1998; Masaki et al., 2004), was measured by subtracting the difference potentials (C3-C4) in right-hand response trials from this difference in left-hand response trials and averaging the activity…”
MethodInfluentialFailed Suppression of Direct Visuomotor Activation in Parkinson's Disease
Praamstra, P., & Plat, F. M. (2001) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892901564153 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Conscious motor intention emerges in the inferior parietal lobule
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Intention-based and stimulus-based mechanisms in action selection
Waszak, F., Wascher, E., Keller, P., Koch, I., Aschersleben, G., Rosenbaum, D. A., & Prinz, W. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-004-2183-8 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“EEG lateralizations over motor areas have often been considered to reflect processes, probably located in the primary motor cortex, which are closely linked to response activation and execution (Osman and Moore 1993; Praamstra et al. 1999; for a review see Eimer 1998).”
BackgroundWiegand, K., & Wascher, E. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.3.453 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A threat to a virtual hand elicits motor cortex activation
González-Franco, M., Peck, T. C., Rodríguez‐Fornells, A., & Slater, M. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3800-1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“The RP has been previously related to movement preparation, and it is generally calculated as the double subtraction of C3–C4 (Eimer 1998), considering right and left hand movements.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDisfluency in Swedish human–human and human–machine travel booking dialogues
Eklund, R. (2015) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.3015.0882 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The timing of the conscious intention to move
Matsuhashi, M., & Hallett, M. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06525.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Haggard and Eimer reported that the LRP onset correlated with and preceded Libet’s W time (Haggard & Eimer, 1999).”
MethodInfluentialThe effect of Parkinson's disease on interference control during action selection
Wylie, S. A., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Bashore, T. R., Powell, V. D., Manning, C. A., & Wooten, G. F. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.001 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
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“provides a read-out of limb selective motor preparation with identical temporal resolution to the CPP (Gratton et al., 1988; Eimer, 1998).”
InfluentialBehavioral, Modeling, and Electrophysiological Evidence for Supramodality in Human Metacognition
Faivre, N., Filevich, E., Solovey, G., Kühn, S., & Blanke, O. (2018) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0322-17.2017 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Action-related auditory ERP attenuation: Paradigms and hypotheses
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“The most relevant result (Ford et al., 2014) is that the readiness potential preceding the action was more lateralized (De Jong et al., 1988; Gratton et al., 1988; for a summary, see Eimer, 1998) when the button-pressing resulted in a tone than when it did not.”
Electrophysiological markers of visual dimension changes and response changes.
Töllner, T., Gramann, K., Müller, H. J., Kiss, M., & Martin Eimer, A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.3.531 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“…this component from the ERP, waveforms recorded from electrodes ipsilateral to the side of a response are subtracted from contralateral ERPs (Hackley & Valle-Inclán, 2003; see also Eimer, 1998, and Eimer & Coles, 2003, for methodological details about the derivation and interpretation of the LRP).”
MethodMartin Eimer, A., Förster, B., van Velzen, J. L., & Prabhu, G. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.08.011 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“The LRP is an electrophysiological indicator of unimanual response activation in primary motor cortex, reflected by an enhanced negativity over the motor cortex contralateral to the side of the activated response (seeEimer & Coles, 2003; Eimer, 1998, for more details).”
BackgroundZhang, J., & Rowe, J. B. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00069 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Third, Rinkenauer et al. (2004) examined the SAT effects on lateralized readiness potentials (Leuthold et al., 1996; Eimer, 1998; Masaki et al., 2004) and observed decreased intervals between response-locked lateralized readiness potential onset and motor responses under speed emphasis (see Osman…”
BackgroundWhy neuroscience does not disprove free will.
Brass, M., Furstenberg, A., & Mele, A. (2019) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.024 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Distinguishing neural sources of movement preparation and execution
Leuthold, H., & Jentzsch, I. (2002) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00032-7 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Of course, because the L-ERP waveforms are derived by a two-step calculation procedure where the ERP difference wave for the left and for the right hand are averaged (cf. Eimer, 1998), this might impose specific constraints on dipole source analysis.”
InfluentialAnalysis of a choice-reaction task yields a new interpretation of Libet's experiments
Herrmann, C. S., Pauen, M., Min, B., Busch, N. A., & Rieger, J. W. (2007) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.10.013 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“The authors recorded the lateralized RP (LRP; Eimer, 1998) in addition to the RP.”
BackgroundFurther Evidence that the SNARC Effect is Processed Along a Dual-Route Architecture
Gevers, W., Ratinckx, E., Baene, W. D., & Fias, W. (2006) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.53.1.58 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“The LRP is a measure of this lateralized ERP component and is derived from the areas of the motor cortex (C3 and C4) that control left- and right-hand movements (Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundCortical expressions of inhibition of return
Prime, D. J., & Ward, L. M. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.11.081 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Barking up the wrong free: readiness potentials reflect processes independent of conscious will
Schlegel, A. A., Alexander, P. C., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P., Roskies, A. L., Tse, P. U., & Wheatley, T. P. (2013) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-013-3479-3 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Researchers have shown that the lRP is generated in primary motor cortex, is not detected in the absence of movement, and does not require anticipation or preparation for action (cf. Eimer 1998; Haggard 2008 ).”
BackgroundMethodUnconscious perception: The need for a paradigm shift
Holender, D., & Duscherer, K. (2004) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03194980 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“, & Eimer, M. (1997). The influence of subliminally presented primes on response preparation.”
BackgroundMethodLos, S. A., & Heslenfeld, D. J. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.1.52 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“after each series of six blocks, we achieved our aim of eliciting the common negative-going LRP, reflecting ongoing motor preparation (for reviews, see Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAutomatic response activation in sequential affective priming: an ERP study
Eder, A. B., Leuthold, H., Rothermund, K., & Schweinberger, S. R. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr033 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
‘Catching the waves’ – slow cortical potentials as moderator of voluntary action
Schmidt, S., Jo, H., Wittmann, M., & Hinterberger, T. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.023 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The effective time course of preparation
Los, S. A., & Schut, M. L. J. (2008) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2007.11.001 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Recent studies have examined this issue by using the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) as an electrophysiological marker of central motor activation (e.g., Eimer, 1998).”
Praamstra, P., & Oostenveld, R. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00286-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Overlap of attention and movement-related activity in lateralized event-related brain potentials
Oostenveld, R., Praamstra, P., Stegeman, D. F., & van Oosterom, A. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00460-6 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“This procedure involves the isolation of lateralized movement-related activity, yielding the lateralized readiness potential (LRP; for reviews, see Coles et al., 1995; Eimer, 1998).”
MethodOlder age, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive slowing: Some convergent and divergent findings.
Bashore, T. R., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.1.151 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“For example, the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) is closely associated with response system activation induced by the presentation of stimuli that signal response preparation, selection, and activation (for a review, see Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundKeute, M., Ruhnau, P., Heinze, H., & Zaehle, T. (2018) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.05.026 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Unconscious manipulation of free choice in humans
Kiesel, A., Wagener, A., Kunde, W., Hoffmann, J., Fallgatter, A. J., & Stöcker, C. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.10.002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“4; cf. Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998).”
Carrillo‐de‐la‐Peña, M. T., Galdo‐Álvarez, S., & Lastra‐Barreira, C. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.089 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Low, K. A. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf206 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A new method for the estimation of the onset of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP)
Schwarzenau, P., Falkenstein, M., Hoormann, J., & Hohnsbein, J. (1998) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03209421 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The neural basis of belief updating and rational decision making
Achtziger, A., Alós‐Ferrer, C., Hügelschäfer, S., & Steinhauser, M. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss099 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), a waveform indicating lateralization of ERP activity over motor cortices, which reflects the central activation of a uni manual response (Eimer, 1998).”
MethodAccessory Stimuli Affect the Emergence of Conflict, Not Conflict Control
Böckler, A., Alpay, G., & Stürmer, B. (2010) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000073 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“This early incorrect hand activation in the LRP of incompatible trials is typically regarded as automatic response priming mediated by the frontalmotor cortex (De Jong et al., 1994; Eimer, 1998; Valle-Inclán, 1996).”
BackgroundLubbe, R. H. J. V. D., Los, S. A., Jaśkowskí, P., & Verleger, R. (2004) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.03.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Methods for the quantification and statistical testing of ERP differences across conditions
Hoormann, J., Falkenstein, M., Schwarzenau, P., & Hohnsbein, J. (1998) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03209420 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“the contributions of Eimer, 1998, and of Schwarzenau, Falkenstein, Hoormann, & Hohnsbein, 1998) and the late P3 subcomponent (P-CR; Falkenstein et al., 1994a). A second problem with peak analysis, which has already been mentioned above, is that often the individual ERP components are not aligned in a strict sequential…”
Dissociating local and global levels of perceptuo-motor control in masked priming.
Schlaghecken, F., Bowman, H., & Martin Eimer, A. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.3.618 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The Lateralized Readiness Potential, an index of selective response preparation and activation (Eimer, 1998; Eimer & Coles, 2003), indicates that these behavioral benefits and costs are caused by the masked primes’ impact on the motor system: the primes trigger an activation of their corresponding…”
BackgroundLocus of Inhibition in the Masked Priming of Response Alternatives
Martin Eimer, A., Schubö, A., & Schlaghecken, F. (2002) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222890209601926 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
P300 amplitude variations, prior probabilities, and likelihoods: a Bayesian ERP study
Kopp, B., Seer, C., Lange, F., Kluytmans, A., Kolossa, A., Fingscheidt, T., & Hoijtink, H. (2016) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0442-3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…to conflict detection, captured by the N2 (see Folstein & Van Petten, 2008, for overview), whereas participants who overweight prior probabilities initiated action choice well before new information was presented (captured by lateralized readiness potentials; see Eimer, 1998, for an overview).”
BackgroundSaville, C. W. N., Feige, B., Kluckert, C., Bender, S., Biscaldi, M., Berger, A., Fleischhaker, C., Hennighausen, K., & Klein, C. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12348 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“The P3b and LRP are unusual in that they can be measured in both stimulus-locked and response-locked forms (Eimer, 1998; Verleger et al., 2005).”
BackgroundMethodPsychophysiological evidence for impaired reward anticipation in Parkinson’s disease
Mattox, S. T., Valle‐Inclán, F., & Hackley, S. A. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.05.026 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“2), which is a wellestablished index of motor cortex activity (Eimer, 1998; Miller and Hackley, 1992).”
Contextual cueing effects despite spatially cued target locations
Schankin, A., & Schubö, A. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00979.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Wylie, S. A., Stout, J. C., & Bashore, T. R. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.10.008 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The neural antecedents to voluntary action: A conceptual analysis
Nachev, P., & Hacker, P. M. S. (2014) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2014.934215 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Indeed, no-one has been able to demonstrate specificity for the actual movement made so far in advance, only for a very wide class of movements crudely defined by features such as the laterality of limb effector (Eimer, 1998).”
Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0017-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…correspond to task-irrelevant location of a stimulus) is commonly assumed to reflect automatic processing (for a review, see Hommel 2011), and it has in fact been shown that presenting a lateralized stimulus creates a lateralized readiness potential in the opposite hemisphere (Eimer 1998).”
BackgroundDully, J., McGovern, D. P., & O’Connell, R. G. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Vidal, F., Burle, B., Spieser, L., Carbonnell, L., Meckler, C., Casini, L. A., & Hasbroucq, T. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.022 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
HUMAN INFORMATION PROCESSING: AN OVERVIEW FOR HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION
Proctor, R. G. C. (2007) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781410615862-11 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Reznik, D., Simon, S., & Mukamel, R. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.028 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“…such as SMA and pre-SMA (Lang et al., 1991; Shibasaki and Hallett, 2006; Yazawa et al., 2000), the lateralized readiness potential is believed to be related to more specific, low-level motor components originating in M1 contralateral to the executing effector (Eimer, 1998; Haggard and Eimer, 1999).”
Inhibition of return interacts with the Simon effect: An omnibus analysis and its implications
Ivanoff, J., Klein, R. M., & Lupiáñez, J. (2002) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03195794 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“We believe that further progress in choosing among these alternatives will depend on methods such as the generation of speed–accuracy tradeoff functions (Wickelgren, 1977) and the recording of event-related brain activity (e.g., De Jong et al., 1994; Eimer, 1998; Mouret & Hasbroucq, 2000), which can provide more direc…”
MethodAttentional origins of the Simon effect: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence
Melara, R. D., Wang, H., Vu, K. L., & Proctor, R. W. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.026 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Excessive sub-threshold motor preparation for non-target stimuli in normal aging
Vallesi, A., & Stuss, D. T. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.022 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“By using unimanual responses with both hands, it was possible to compute the Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP), a continuous electrophysiological index of covert response preparation (De Jong et al., 1988; Eimer, 1998; Gratton et al., 1988; Vallesi et al., 2005).”
Lateralized power spectra of the EEG as an index of visuospatial attention
Lubbe, R. H. J. V. D., & Utzerath, C. (2013) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5709/acp-0144-7 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Human auditory event-related potentials predict duration judgments
Bendixen, A., Grimm, S., & Schröger, E. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.04.034 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Lateralized Readiness Potential
Martin Eimer, A., & COLES, M. G. H. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0189-3_14 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Koller, W. C., Lyons, K. E., Wilkinson, S. B., & Pahwa, R. (1999) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/1531-8257(199909)14:5 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Social conformity is due to biased stimulus processing: electrophysiological and diffusion analyses
Germar, M., Albrecht, T., Voß, A., & Mojzisch, A. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw050 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Neural Oscillations and the Initiation of Voluntary Movement
Armstrong, S. R., Sale, M. V., & Cunnington, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02509 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The lateralization of RP2, referred to as the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), is used to measure the extent to which the contralateral motor cortex is more active than ipsilateral motor cortex, relative to the hemisphere of the motor effector (Eimer, 1998).”
Global precedence and response activation: Evidence from LRPs
Miller, J. O., & Navon, D. (2002) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980143000280 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“It was developed independently by De Jong, Wierda, Mulder, and Mulder (1988) and Gratton, Coles, Sirevaag, Eriksen, and Donchin (1988), and it has since been used in dozens of studies examining response preparation and activation processes (see Eimer, 1998, for a recent review).”
BackgroundMethodGenetic analysis of IQ, processing speed and stimulus-response incongruency effects.
Posthuma, D., Mulder, E., Boomsma, D., & de Geus, E. D. (2002) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00057-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The LRP was obtained during an Eriksen flanker task (Eriksen and Eriksen, 1974).”
MethodMartin Eimer, A., & Schlaghecken, F. (2001) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222890109601899 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The influence of subliminally presented primes on response preparation
Schlaghecken, F., & Martin Eimer, A. (1997) · BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) · doi:10.82444/warw.33685204 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Leuthold, H. (2003) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(03)00051-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sangals, J., Sommer, W., & Leuthold, H. (2002) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(01)00045-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Magneto-encephalographic correlates of the lateralized readiness potential
Praamstra, P., Schmitz, F., Freund, H., & Schnitzler, A. (1999) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00008-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Movement-related EEG indices of preparation in task switching and motor control
de Jong, R., Gladwin, T. E., & Hart, B. M. ’. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.030 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Jentzsch, I., Leuthold, H., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2004) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2004.00155.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Freeman, J. B., Ambady, N., Midgley, K. J., & Holcomb, P. J. (2010) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2010.490674 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Moreover, because the LRP is derived using a double subtraction procedure (detailed below), it serves as a pure measure of motor preparation, with minimal influence from sensory input or other confounding factors (Eimer, 1998).”
InfluentialHypnotizing Libet: Readiness potentials with non-conscious volition
Schlegel, A. A., Alexander, P. C., Sinnott-Armstrong, W. P., Roskies, A. L., Tse, P. U., & Wheatley, T. P. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.01.002 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“The LRP was measured as the difference in signal from electrodes C3 and C4 using the double subtraction method (Eimer, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodTöllner, T., Conci, M., Rusch, T., & Müller, H. J. (2013) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/13.3.23 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Newman, D. P., Loughnane, G. M., Kelly, S. P., O’Connell, R. G., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3512-16.2017 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cortical Components of Reaction-Time during Perceptual Decisions in Humans
Dmochowski, J., & Norcia, A. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143339 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Plat, F. M., Praamstra, P., & Horstink, M. W. I. M. (2000) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002219900276 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The movement-related EEG potential typically used in reaction time tasks is the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), which is derived by a procedure designed to isolate the lateralized motor cortex activity preceding unimanual movements from simultaneous activity in other cortical areas (Coles et al. 1995; Eimer 199…”
Libet's Legacy: A Primer to the Neuroscience of Volition.
Dominik, T., Mele, A., Schurger, A., & Maoz, U. (2023) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105503 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Concealed Around-the-Ear EEG Captures Cognitive Processing in a Visual Simon Task
Pacharra, M., Debener, S., & Wascher, E. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00290 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Symmetrical cEEGrid pairs were unable to capture the typical dynamics of the classical LRP in the Simon task that is usually observed over cap pairs C3/C4 or C1/C2 (Eimer, 1998; Leuthold, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialJentzsch, I., & Leuthold, H. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00107-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Engaging the motor system with masked orthographic primes: A kinematic analysis
Finkbeiner, M. S., Song, J., Nakayama, K., & Caramazza, A. (2007) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280701203838 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“But, while it is widely agreed upon that the LRP indexes early motor processes (Coles, 1989; Eimer, 1998; Leuthold, Sommer, & Ulrich, 2004), it is also known that LRPs may be observed in the absence of an overt motor response (de Jong, Coles, Logan, & Gratton, 1990; Osman, Bashore, Coles, Donchin,…”
BackgroundAutomatic motor activation by mere instruction
Everaert, T., Theeuwes, M., Liefooghe, B., & Houwer, J. D. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0294-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Proactive control in early and middle childhood: An ERP study
Elke, S. E., & Wiebe, S. A. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.04.005 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“The post-P3 negativity found in the stimulus-ERPs is consistent with response preparation processes (Eimer, 1998).”
- Authors
- Eimer, M.
- Venue
- Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers
- Published
- 1998-03
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 146-156
- ISSN
- 0743-3808 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5970
- OpenAlex
- W2113078992
- Cited by
- 275
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- lateralized readiness potential, motor cortex, event-related potentials, motor asymmetry, difference waves
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