Behavioral, Modeling, and Electrophysiological Evidence for Supramodality in Human Metacognition
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Abstract
Human metacognition, or the capacity to introspect on one's own mental states, has been mostly characterized through confidence reports in visual tasks. A pressing question is to what extent results from visual studies generalize to other domains. Answering this question allows determining whether metacognition operates through shared, supramodal mechanisms or through idiosyncratic, modality-specific mechanisms. Here, we report three new lines of evidence for decisional and postdecisional mechanisms arguing for the supramodality of metacognition. First, metacognitive efficiency correlated among auditory, tactile, visual, and audiovisual tasks. Second, confidence in an audiovisual task was best modeled using supramodal formats based on integrated representations of auditory and visual signals. Third, confidence in correct responses involved similar electrophysiological markers for visual and audiovisual tasks that are associated with motor preparation preceding the perceptual judgment. We conclude that the supramodality of metacognition relies on supramodal confidence estimates and decisional signals that are shared across sensory modalities. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Metacognitive monitoring is the capacity to access, report, and regulate one's own mental states. In perception, this allows rating our confidence in what we have seen, heard, or touched. Although metacognitive monitoring can operate on different cognitive domains, we ignore whether it involves a single supramodal mechanism common to multiple cognitive domains or modality-specific mechanisms idiosyncratic to each domain. Here, we bring evidence in favor of the supramodality hypothesis by showing that participants with high metacognitive performance in one modality are likely to perform well in other modalities. Based on computational modeling and electrophysiology, we propose that supramodality can be explained by the existence of supramodal confidence estimates and by the influence of decisional cues on confidence estimates.
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Individual differences in metacognitive efficiency are correlated across distinct task domains, after controlling for correlations in performance.
“Behaviorally, individual differences in metacognitive efficiency have been shown to be correlated across distinct task domains, after controlling for correlations in performance (Ais et al. 2016, Faivre et al. 2018, Mazancieux et al. 2020, Rouault et al. 2018b).”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Faivre et al. 2018
Experiment 1 reports correlations in metacognitive efficiency across visual, auditory, and tactile conditions, and says they were not confounded with first-order performance. It defines efficiency by normalizing metacognitive sensitivity by first-order sensitivity, but does not report controlling the cross-domain correlations for correlations in performance. The behavioural-data section also reports a visual–audiovisual correlation without such an adjustment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Confounding in Studies on Metacognition: A Preliminary Causal Analysis Framework
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Hydrocortisone decreases metacognitive efficiency independent of perceived stress
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Connais-toi toi-même : une perspective globale de la métacognition
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Finding domain-general metacognitive mechanisms requires using appropriate tasksPreprint
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Kopčanová, M., Thut, G., Benwell, C., & Keitel, C. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00566 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Metacognitive Awareness of Difficulty in Action Selection: The Role of the Cingulo-opercular Network
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West, R. K., Harrison, W. J., Matthews, N. L., Mattingley, J. B., & Sewell, D. K. (2023) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011245 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fernández-Vargas, J., Tremmel, C., Valeriani, D., Bhattacharyya, S., Cinel, C., Citi, L., & Poli, R. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abf2e4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Irak, M., Soylu, C., & Yavuz, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28595-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Does age affect metacognition? A cross-domain investigation using a hierarchical Bayesian framework
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Hu, X., Yang, C., & Luo, L. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001257 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Embon, I., Cukier, S., Iorio, A., Barttfeld, P., & Solovey, G. (2023) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2023.103502 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAutomatic multisensory integration follows subjective confidence rather than objective performance
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Similar history biases for distinct prospective decisions of self-performance
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Niedernhuber, M., Raimondo, F., Sitt, J. D., & Bekinschtein, T. A. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0658-22.2022 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cross-modal metacognition: Visual and tactile confidence share a common scale
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Mood and implicit confidence independently fluctuate at different time scales
da Fonseca, M., Maffei, G., Moreno‐Bote, R., & Hyafil, A. (2022) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-022-01038-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Metacognitive Domains Are Not Aligned along a Dimension of Internal-External Information Source
Arbuzova, P., Maurer, L. K., & Filevich, E. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02201-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of Multimodal Association on Ambiguous Perception in Binocular Rivalry
Kim, S., & Kim, J. (2019) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006619867023 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Disentangling the origins of confidence in speeded perceptual judgments through multimodal imagingPreprint
Pereira, M., Faivre, N., Iturrate, I., Wirthlin, M., Serafini, L., Martin, S. L., Desvachez, A., Blanke, O., Ville, D. V. D., & Millán, J. D. R. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/496877 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationTask-related motor response inflates confidencePreprint
Siedlecka, M., Paulewicz, B., & Koculak, M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.26.010306 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Predictive coding and hallucinations: a question of balance
Fletcher, P. C. (2017) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2017.1391083 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Atypical spatial frequency dependence of visual metacognition among schizophrenia patients
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Confidence Tracks Consciousness*
Morales, J., & Lau, H. C. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108768085.007 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Biological Stress Reactivity and Introspective Sensitivity: An Exploratory Study
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Online self-evaluation of fMRI-based neurofeedback performance
Muñoz-Moldes, S., Tursic, A., Lührs, M., Eck, J., Benitez-Andonegui, A., Peters, J. C., Cleeremans, A., & Goebel, R. (2024) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0089 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mattes, R., & Soutschek, A. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01277-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sensorimotor confidence for tracking eye movements
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Metacognition in the listening brain
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Affective Touch Dimensions: From Sensitivity to MetacognitionPreprint
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Spatial certainty : Feeling is the truth
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Self-citationIntention offloading: Domain-general versus task-specific confidence signals
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The neural representation of metacognition in preferential decision‐making
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Priors for natural image statistics inform confidence in perceptual decisions
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No evidence of impaired visual and tactile metacognition in adults with Tourette disorder
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Self-citationMetacognition and Cognitive Flexibility in Autistic and Neurotypically‐Developing Populations
Ordin, M., Barbarroja, N., Polyanskaya, L., Manrique, H. M., & Castelo-Branco, M. S. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70668 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The folded X-pattern is not necessarily a statistical signature of decision confidence
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The folded X-pattern is not necessarily a statistical signature of decision confidencePreprint
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Confidence in perceptual decision-making is preserved in schizophreniaPreprint
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Self-citationThe order of task decisions and confidence ratings has little effect on metacognition
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A systematic review investigating the link between social cognition and self-awareness in adults
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Late ERP correlates of confidence for auditory categorization of complex sounds
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Perceptual similarity judgments reflect one’s own discrimination capacitiesPreprint
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Computational characterization of metacognitive ability in subjective decision-makingPreprint
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Segregated Co-activation Patterns in the Emergence of Decision Confidence During Visual Perception
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Perceptual and attentional uncertainty impact global performance monitoring
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Faivre, N., Filevich, E., Solovey, G., Kühn, S., & Blanke, O.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (CH)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2017-09-15
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 263-277
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6596112
- OpenAlex
- W2754330789
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 17.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Americanae (AECID Library) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Fondation Bertarelli
- European Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- metacognition, metacognitive confidence, sensory modalities, audiovisual perception, auditory perception, tactile perception, visual perception, metacognitive efficiency, electrophysiological markers, motor preparation
- MeSH terms
- Metacognition, Brain, Electroencephalography, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Neurological, Perception, Young Adult
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