Uncertainty drives exploration of negative information across younger and older adults
Open accessAbstract
Although individuals generally avoid negative information, recent research documents that they voluntarily explore negative information to resolve uncertainty. However, it remains unclear (a) whether uncertainty facilitates exploration similarly when exploration is expected to lead to negative, neutral, or positive information, and (b) whether older adults seek negative information to reduce uncertainty like younger adults do. This study addresses the two issues across four experimental studies (N = 407). The results indicate that individuals are more likely to expose themselves to negative information when uncertainty is high. In contrast, when information was expected to be neutral or positive, the uncertainty surrounding it did not significantly alter individuals' exploration behavior. Furthermore, we found that uncertainty increased the exploration of negative information in both older and younger adults. In addition, both younger and older adults chose to explore negative information to reduce uncertainty, even when there were positive or neutral alternatives. In contrast to the age-related similarities in these behavioral measures, older adults demonstrated reduced scores in questionnaires on sensation seeking and curiosity, relative to their counterparts who were younger. These results suggest that information uncertainty has a selective facilitation effect on exploration for negative information and that normal aging does not alter this tendency, despite age-related reductions in self-reported measures of personality traits relevant to information seeking.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Uncertainty-related hypervigilance 'locks into' the propensity of news to prioritize negative valence and the tendency of people in high uncertainty to explore negative information and appraise emotionally ambiguous information in negative terms, thus initiating a vicious circle.
“Uncertainty-related hypervigilance “locks into” the aforementioned propensity of news to prioritize content with negative valence and the tendency of people in a situation of high uncertainty to explore negative information [125] and appraise emotionally ambiguous information in negative terms [126], thus initiating a vicious circle, which we describe in the subsequent sections.”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [125]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
Wickham, H. (2016) · Use R! · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4 · Cited by 33,612 · see citing works
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433 · see citing works
Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity.
Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.54.3.165 · Cited by 5,377 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This positivity effect has been explained by the socioemotional selectivity theory, which posits that as individuals get older, they tend to focus more on emotion regulation goals than information seeking goals (Carstensen et al., 1999).”
Background(2005) · CTIT technical reports series · Cited by 5,307 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology
(2009) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.001.0001 · Cited by 2,696 · see citing works
Developing a measure of loneliness
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11 · Cited by 2,089 · cited 1× · see citing works
“They also completed the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLALS) (Russell, Peplau, and Ferguson, 1978) for other purposes not relevant to the present study.”
MethodStereotype Embodiment: A Psychosocial Approach to Aging
Levy, B. (2009) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x · Cited by 1,822 · see citing works
Temporal Resolution of Uncertainty and Dynamic Choice Theory
Kreps, D. M., & Porteus, E. L. (1978) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1913656 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Reliability and Validity of a Brief Measure of Sensation Seeking
Hoyle, R. H., Stephenson, M. T., Palmgreen, P., Lorch, E. P., & Donohew, R. L. (2002) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00032-0 · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
The Journal of Psychophysiology:
Falkenstein, M. (2008) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.22.1.1 · Cited by 1,026 · see citing works
Marchewka, A., Żurawski, Ł., Jednoróg, K., & Grabowska, A. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0379-1 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0035194 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
States of Curiosity Modulate Hippocampus-Dependent Learning via the Dopaminergic Circuit
Gruber, M. J., Gelman, B. D., & Charan Ranganath, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.060 · Cited by 742 · see citing works
Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., de Lima, M. P., Simões, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Marušić, I., Bratko, D., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., et al. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466 · Cited by 712 · see citing works
Measuring Epistemic Curiosity and Its Diversive and Specific Components
Litman, J. A., & Spielberger, C. D. (2003) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8001_16 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics
Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011 · Cited by 674 · cited 7× · see citing works
“Such lifestyle changes also may affect older adults’ responses; for example, when responding to an item “I prefer jobs that are excitingly unpredictable” (an item from CEI-II), older adults 1 3 may choose a lower rating, simply because they do not necessarily see themselves engaging in jobs on a day-to-day basis.”
MethodInfluentialIntroducing the Open Affective Standardized Image Set (OASIS)
Kurdi, B., Lozano, S., & Banaji, M. R. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0715-3 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Aging and vocabulary score: A meta-analysis.
Verhaeghen, P. (2003) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.332 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross-cultural meta-analysis.
North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0039469 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
von Stumm, S., Hell, B., & Chamorro‐Premuzic, T. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691611421204 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
Watson, D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.55.1.128 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Curiosity and pathways to well-being and meaning in life: Traits, states, and everyday behaviors
Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9068-7 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
The Distancing-Embracing model of the enjoyment of negative emotions in art reception
Menninghaus, W., Wagner, V., Hanich, J., Wassiliwizky, E., Jacobsen, T., & Koelsch, S. (2017) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x17000309 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Positive Emotion and Health: Going Beyond the Negative.
Richman, L. S., Kubzansky, L. D., Maselko, J., Kawachi, I. I., Choo, P. W., & Bauer, M. (2005) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.4.422 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Curiosity and Interest: The Benefits of Thriving on Novelty and Challenge
Kashdan, T. B., & Silvia, P. J. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0034 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Watson, D. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.128 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Process Account of Curiosity and Interest: A Reward-Learning Perspective
Murayama, K., FitzGibbon, L., & Sakaki, M. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09499-9 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationDüzel, E., Bunzeck, N., Guitart-Masip, M., & Düzel, S. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.006 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
The Affective Neuroscience of Aging
Mather, M. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033540 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Boredom as a seeking state: Boredom prompts the pursuit of novel (even negative) experiences.
Bench, S. W., & Lench, H. C. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000433 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Valuation of knowledge and ignorance in mesolimbic reward circuitry
Charpentier, C. J., Bromberg-Martin, E. S., & Sharot, T. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800547115 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Information gaps: A theory of preferences regarding the presence and absence of information.
Golman, R., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2016) · Decision · doi:10.1037/dec0000068 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Nashiro, K., Sakaki, M., & Mather, M. (2011) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000328465 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationHsee, C. K., & Ruan, B. (2016) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797616631733 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Stimulation seeking and intelligence: A prospective longitudinal study.
Raine, A., Reynolds, C. A., Venables, P. H., & Mednick, S. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.663 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Diverse motives for human curiosity
Kobayashi, K., Ravaioli, S., Baranès, A., Woodford, M., & Gottlieb, J. P. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0589-3 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Induction and Relief of Curiosity Elicit Parietal and Frontal Activity
van Lieshout, L. L. F., Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Müller, N. C. J., Cools, R., & de Lange, F. P. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2816-17.2018 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Thirst for knowledge: The effects of curiosity and interest on memory in younger and older adults.
McGillivray, S., Murayama, K., & Castel, A. D. (2015) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0039801 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationCuriosity in old age: A possible key to achieving adaptive aging
Sakaki, M., Yagi, A., & Murayama, K. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.007 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationChoosing the negative: A behavioral demonstration of morbid curiosity
Oosterwijk, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178399 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Shared striatal activity in decisions to satisfy curiosity and hunger at the risk of electric shocks
Lau, J. K. L., Ozono, H., Kuratomi, K., Komiya, A., & Murayama, K. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0848-3 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationChildren's Views on Aging: Their Attitudes and Values
Newman, S. P., Faux, R. B., & Larimer, B. (1997) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/37.3.412 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Giambra, L. M., Camp, C. J., & Grodsky, A. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.7.1.150 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Analysis of variance with ipsative measures.
Greer, T. F., & Dunlap, W. P. (1997) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.2.2.200 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Foraging across the life span: is there a reduction in exploration with aging?
Mata, R., Wilke, A., & Czienskowski, U. (2013) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00053 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Giambra, L. M., Camp, C. J., & Grodsky, A. (1992) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.7.1.150 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Using the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS) to predict holiday preferences
Eachus, P. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00074-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Information gaps for risk and ambiguity.
Golman, R., Gurney, N., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2020) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000252 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Adult life stage and crisis as predictors of curiosity and authenticity
Robinson, O. C., Demetre, J. D., & Litman, J. A. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416645201 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Learning facts during aging: the benefits of curiosity
Galli, G., Sirota, M., Gruber, M. J., Ivanof, B. E., Ganesh, J., Materassi, M., Thorpe, A., Loaiza, V. M., Cappelletti, M., & Craik, F. I. M. (2018) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2018.1477355 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Choosing to view morbid information involves reward circuitry
Oosterwijk, S., Snoek, L., Koppele, J. T., Engelbert, L. H., & Scholte, H. S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71662-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Prior experience as a stimulus category confound: an example using facial expressions of emotion
Somerville, L. H., & Whalen, P. J. (2006) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsl040 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
To know, to feel, to share? Exploring the motives that drive curiosity for negative content
Niehoff, E., & Oosterwijk, S. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.07.012 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Curiosity or savouring? Information seeking is modulated by both uncertainty and valence
van Lieshout, L. L. F., Traast, I. J., de Lange, F. P., & Cools, R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Uncertainty increases curiosity, but decreases happiness
van Lieshout, L. L. F., de Lange, F. P., & Cools, R. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93464-6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Does Social Participation Predict Better Health? A Longitudinal Study in Rural Malawi
Myroniuk, T. W., & Anglewicz, P. A. (2015) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146515613416 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Lure of Counterfactual Curiosity: People Incur a Cost to Experience Regret
FitzGibbon, L., Komiya, A., & Murayama, K. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797620963615 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationChu, L., Tsai, J. L., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2020) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-020-00567-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Who watches an ISIS beheading—And why.
Redmond, S. A., Jones, N. M., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000438 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Development of an Epistemic Curiosity Scale :
Nishikawa, K., & Amemiya, T. (2015) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.63.412 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Age Differences in State Curiosity: Examining the Role of Personal Relevance
Chu, L., & Fung, H. H.-L. (2021) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000516296 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Unpredictable sudden increases in intensity of pain and acquired fear
Arntz, A. R., van Eck, M., & de Jong, P. J. (1992) · Journal of Psychophysiology · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Voluntary pursuit of negatively valenced stimuli from childhood to early adulthood
Grisanzio, K. A., Sasse, S. F., Nook, E. C., Lambert, H. K., McLaughlin, K. A., & Somerville, L. H. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13012 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Eich, T. S., Lao, P. J., & Anderson, M. C. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.06.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Shared striatal activity in decisions to satisfy curiosity and hunger at the risk of electric shocksPreprint
Lau, J. K. L., Ozono, H., Kuratomi, K., et al. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/473975 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tamai, R., Shigemasu, H., & Murayama, K. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kzgby · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxieg Inventor STAI (Self-evaluation question- naire). Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Von Stumm, S., Hell, B., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). The hun- gry mind: Intellectual curiosity is the third pillar of academic per- formance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 574-588.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective.
Kesner, L., Juríčková, V., Grygarová, D., & Horáček, J. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/68640 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…of news to prioritize content with negative valence and the tendency of people in a situation of high uncertainty to explore negative information [125] and appraise emotionally ambiguous information in negative terms [126], thus initiating a vicious circle, which we describe in the subsequent…”
Curiosity across the adult lifespan: Age-related differences in state and trait curiosity
Whatley, M. C., Murayama, K., Sakaki, M., & Castel, A. D. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320600 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationKorman, B. A., Reinwald, M., Kunze, F., & Koos, S. (2025) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2023.0303 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anxiety and curiosity in hierarchical models of neural emotion processing—A mini review
Hilmerich, C., Hofmann, M., & Briesemeister, B. B. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1384020 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Uncertainty in learning and decision-making: Introduction to the special issue
Levy, I., & Schiller, D. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01111-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Unconscious will as a neurobehavioral mechanism against adversity
Anselme, P. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105985 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Curiosity in younger and older adults: the relationship between information value and memory
Hirsch, M. E., Fisher, W., & Cyr, A.-A. (2026) · Frontiers in Cognition · doi:10.3389/fcogn.2026.1715793 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Current Trends and Future Prospects of Research on Personality and Individual Differences:
Nozaki, Y. (2024) · The Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan · doi:10.5926/arepj.63.70 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nonlinear modulation of human exploration by distinct sources of uncertaintyPreprint
Yan, X., Ebitz, R. B., Darrow, D., & Herman, A. B. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.16.649221
Knowledge Gap Illustrations Spark Curiosity
Frede, L., Bardach, L., Strittmatter, Y., Richter, E., Mueckstein, M., & Spitzer, M. (2026) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.501
Role of the striatum in counterfactual information seeking
Lau, J. K. L., Sakaki, M., FitzGibbon, L., Raw, J., & Murayama, K. (2026) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsag012
Self-citationA case for de-diagnosis of harms in the social and behavioral sciences
Graso, M., & Reynolds, T. A. (2026) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-026-09691-1
Impact of aging on human decision-making in ecological conditions
Aubert, J. D. S. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f7143113zd412z4b5fza432z1032ef6ea209
Age differences in the conceptualization and experience of curiosity: A qualitative study
Hirsch, M. E., Virk, T., Chang, C., Bellana, B., & Cyr, A.-A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345902
Che, S. L., Leong, S. M., & Tam, K. I. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1873655
- Authors
- Yagi, A., FitzGibbon, L., Murayama, K., Shinomori, K., & Sakaki, M.
- Affiliations
- Hiroshima Shudo University (JP)
- University of Stirling (GB)
- Kochi University of Technology (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Sakaki, Michiko
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2023-04-26
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 809-826
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- OpenAlex
- W4367048654
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
- Leverhulme Trust (RL-2016-030)
- European Commission (618600)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JH16H06406, 16H02053, 18H03323, 23K22355, 22H00088, 16H05959)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Educational Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- information seeking, uncertainty, negative information, exploration, older adults, age differences, sensation seeking, curiosity, normal aging, information avoidance
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Exploratory Behavior, Humans, Uncertainty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
