Developing a measure of loneliness

Russell, Dan; Peplau, Letitia Anne; Ferguson, Mary Lund

doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

Cited by 2,089Psychometric Methodologies and TestingHealth disparities and outcomesAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Developing a measure of loneliness

Russell, Dan, Peplau, Letitia Anne, Ferguson, Mary Lund·1978·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Research on loneliness has been hindered by the lack of a simple and reliable assessment technique. The development of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, a short, 20-item general measure of loneliness is reported. The measure has high internal consistency (coefficient alpha = .96) and a test-retest correlation over a two-month period of .73. Concurrent and preliminary construct validity are indicated by correlations with self-reports of current loneliness and related emotional states, and by volunteering for a "loneliness clinic."

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The ULS-6 has the same validity as the long version and a good level of reliability (α=0.77).
“It is composed of six items evaluated on a 4-point scale in a range from 0 to 18, with the same validity as the long version and a good level of reliability (α =0.77).”
From Social connections combat loneliness and promote wellbeing among college students coming out of the COVID-19 pandemic (2025) · cites this paper as Russell et al., 1978
The internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) of the UCLA Loneliness Scale in this study was 0.89.
“The internal consistency (Cronbach α at baseline) in this study was 0.89.”
From Schema-Informed Digital Mental Health Intervention for Maladaptive Cognitive-Emotional Patterns: Randomized Controlled Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [21]

Depression: Causes and treatment
Beck, A. T. (1973) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(73)80054-1 · Cited by 3,162 · see citing works
Normative Data for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List
Zuckerman, M., & Lubin, B. (1965) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1965.16.2.438 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Loneliness: a psychodynamic interpretation.
Leiderman, P. H. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Aspects of depression
Shneidman, E. S., & Mj, O. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380 · see citing works
The clinical significance of loneliness: a literature review
Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002 · Cited by 1,986 · see citing works
Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the chicago health, aging, and social relations study
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0017216 · Cited by 1,757 · see citing works
Spiritual Well-Being: Conceptualization and Measurement
Ellison, C. W. (1983) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164718301100406 · Cited by 1,485 · see citing works
The Development of a Rasch-Type Loneliness Scale
de Jong-Gierveld, J., & Kamphuls, F. (1985) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662168500900307 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
Loneliness and health: potential mechanisms
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Crawford, L. E., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., Kowalewski, R. B., Malarkey, W. B., Van Cauter, E., & Berntson, G. G. (2002) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200205000-00005 · Cited by 1,149 · see citing works
LONELINESS, PARASOCIAL INTERACTION, AND LOCAL TELEVISION NEWS VIEWING
RUBIN, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Powell, R. A. (1985) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00071.x · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
A Short-Form Measure of Loneliness
Hays, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (1987) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5101_6 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Physically isolated but socially connected: Psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis
Ellis, W. E., Dumas, T. M., & Forbes, L. M. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/cbs0000215 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Being alone in later life: Loneliness, social isolation and living alone
Victor, C., Scambler, S., Bond, J., & Bowling, A. (2000) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259800104101 · Cited by 730 · see citing works
Boredom proneness--the development and correlates of a new scale
Farmer, R., & Sundberg, N. D. (1986) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5001_2 · Cited by 986 · see citing works
Loneliness and Social Isolation
de Jong Gierveld, J., van Tilburg, T., & Dykstra, P. A. (2006) · The Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606632.027 · Cited by 640 · see citing works
A review of loneliness: concept and definitions, determinants and consequences
Gierveld, J. D. J. (1998) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259898008090 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors and social isolation: A narrative review of the literature
Calati, R., Ferrari, C., Brittner, M., Oasi, O., Olié, E., Carvalho, A. F., & Courtet, P. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.022 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness? An online social networking experiment
Deters, F. G., & Mehl, M. R. (2013) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612469233 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
The social support appraisals (SS‐A) scale: Studies of reliability and validity
Vaux, A., Phillips, J., Holly, L., Thomson, B., Williams, D., & Stewart, D. (1986) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00911821 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Social support and physical health.
Wallston, B. S., Alagna, S. W., DeVellis, B. M., & DeVellis, R. F. (1983) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.2.4.367 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
What type of content are smartphone users addicted to?: SNS vs. games
Jeong, S.-H., Kim, H., Yum, J.-Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.035 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Loneliness as a predictor of suicidal ideation and behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies
McClelland, H., Evans, J. J., Nowland, R., Ferguson, E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.004 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Loneliness
Borys, S., & Perlman, D. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285111006 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Cyberbullying, self-esteem, empathy and loneliness
Brewer, G., & Kerslake, J. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.073 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
The impact of technology on older adults’ social isolation
Khosravi, P., Rezvani, A., & Wiewiora, A. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.092 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
The Stability and Change of Loneliness Across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Mund, M., Freuding, M. M., Möbius, K., Horn, N., & Neyer, F. J. (2020) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868319850738 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
The Assessment of Social Intimacy
Miller, R. S., & Lefcourt, H. M. (1982) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4605_12 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Loneliness, social interaction, and sex roles.
Wheeler, L. S., Reis, H. T., & Nezlek, J. B. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.943 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Cross-National Differences in Older Adult Loneliness
Fokkema, T., Gierveld, J. D. J., & Dykstra, P. A. (2011) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.631612 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
The persistence of loneliness: Self and other determinants.
Jones, W. H., Freemon, J. E., & Goswick, R. A. (1981) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00844.x · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness
CHENG, H., & FURNHAM, A. (2002) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1006/jado.2002.0475 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly.
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., & Rose, J. (1986) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.1.1.47 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly
Cutrona, C., Russell, D., & Rose, J. (1986) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.1.1.47 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Self-citation
Connectedness to family, school, peers, and community in socially vulnerable adolescents
Foster, C. E., Horwitz, A., Thomas, A., Opperman, K., Gipson, P., Burnside, A., Stone, D. M., & King, C. A. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.08.011 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Women, Loneliness, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease
Thurston, R. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181b40efc · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Loneliness and physical activity: A systematic review
Pels, F., & Kleinert, J. (2016) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2016.1177849 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Predictors of Loneliness in U.S. Adults Over Age Sixty-Five
Theeke, L. A. (2009) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2008.11.002 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Sex As a Coping Strategy and Its Relationship to Juvenile Sexual History and Intimacy in Sexual Offenders
Cortoni, F. A., & Marshall, W. L. (2001) · Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1177/107906320101300104 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Boredom: An Emotional Experience Distinct from Apathy, Anhedonia, or Depression
Goldberg, Y. K., Eastwood, J. D., Guardia, J. G. L., & Danckert, J. A. (2011) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.6.647 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Loneliness: A Theoretical Review with Implications for Measurement
Marangoni, C., & Ickes, W. J. (1989) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/026540758900600107 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Is loneliness in emerging adults increasing over time? A preregistered cross-temporal meta-analysis and systematic review.
Buecker, S., Mund, M., Chwastek, S., Sostmann, M., & Luhmann, M. (2021) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000332 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Assessing social support, companionship, and distress: National Institute of Health (NIH) Toolbox Adult Social Relationship Scales.
Cyranowski, J. M., Zill, N., Bode, R., Butt, Z., Kelly, M. A. R., Pilkonis, P. A., Salsman, J. M., & Cella, D. (2013) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028586 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Measures of Depression and Loneliness
Shaver, P. R., & Brennan, K. A. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-590241-0.50010-1 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Relation between loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis.
Weeks, D. G., Michela, J. L., Peplau, L. A., & Bragg, M. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077709 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citation
A psychometric investigation of the standard and short form Beck Depression Inventory.
Reynolds, W. M., & Gould, J. W. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.49.2.306 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Interpersonal Attraction
Sprecher, S., & Hatfield, E. C. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4820-7_9 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Poor social skills are a vulnerability factor in the development of psychosocial problems
Segrin, C. G., & Flora, J. (2000) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2000.tb00766.x · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Lonelines in pre-through late adolescence: Exploring the contributions of a multidimensional approach
Marcoen, A., Goossens, L., & Caes, P. (1987) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/bf02138821 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Toward a Predictive Model of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior: Some Preliminary Data in College Students
Bonner, R. L., & Rich, A. R. (1987) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1987.tb00061.x · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Explaining Viewers' Emotional, Instrumental, and Financial Support Provision for Live Streamers
Wohn, D. Y., Freeman, G., & McLaughlin, C. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174048 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in older adults
Neto, F. F. M. (2014) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-014-0312-1 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
The default network of the human brain is associated with perceived social isolation
Spreng, R. N., Dimas, E., Mwilambwe-Tshilobo, L., Dagher, A., Koellinger, P., Nave, G., Ong, A., Kernbach, J. M., Wiecki, T. V., Ge, T., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20039-w · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Neurobiology of loneliness: a systematic review
Lam, J., Murray, E. R., Yu, K. E., Ramsey, M., Nguyen, T. T., Mishra, J., Martis, B., Thomas, M. L., & Lee, E. E. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01058-7 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
“The most commonly used scale was the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS [15, 17, 22]), although we also included validated, briefer multiple- or single-item questions [23].”
Method
LONELINESS RESEARCH: A SURVEY OF EMPIRICAL FINDINGS
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1984) · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Risk factors for loneliness in patients with cancer: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Deckx, L., van den Akker, M., & Buntinx, F. (2014) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2014.05.002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Loneliness, Self-Disclosure, and ICQ ("I Seek You") Use
Leung, L. (2002) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493102760147240 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
A Model of Loneliness in Older Adults
Fees, B. S., Martin, P., & Poon, L. W. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/54b.4.p231 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Life Stress, Social Support, and Problem‐Solving Skills Predictive of Depressive Symptoms, Hopelessness, and Suicide Ideation in an Asian Student Population: A Test of a Model
Yang, B., & Clum, G. A. (1994) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1994.tb00797.x · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Is HIV/AIDS Stigma Dividing the Gay Community? Perceptions of HIV–positive Men Who Have Sex With Men
Courtenay–Quirk, C., Wolitski, R. J., Parsons, J. T., & Gomez, C. A. (2006) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2006.18.1.56 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
BLUEPRINT FOR A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY OF LONELINESS
Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1979) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-022234-9.50020-0 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Development and validation of the 25‐item Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ‐25)
Teo, A. R., Chen, J. I., Kubo, H., Katsuki, R., Sato‐Kasai, M., Shimokawa, N., Hayakawa, K., Umene‐Nakano, W., Aikens, J. E., Kanba, S., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12691 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
An Examination of Intimacy and Loneliness in Sex Offenders
Seidman, B. T., Marshall, W. L., Hudson, S. M., & Robertson, P. (1994) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/088626094009004006 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Loneliness among people with substance use problems: A narrative systematic review
Ingram, I., Kelly, P. J., Deane, F. P., Baker, A. L., Goh, M. C. W., Raftery, D. K., & Dingle, G. A. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13064 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The effectiveness of interventions for reducing subjective and objective social isolation among people with mental health problems: a systematic review
Ma, R., Mann, F., Wang, J., Lloyd‐Evans, B., Terhune, J., Al-Shihabi, A., & Johnson, S. (2019) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-019-01800-z · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Neoliberalism can reduce well‐being by promoting a sense of social disconnection, competition, and loneliness
Becker, J. C., Hartwich, L., & Haslam, S. A. (2021) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12438 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Validation of emotional intelligence scale in Chinese university students
Shi, J., & Wang, L. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.012 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Measuring loneliness in different relationships.
Schmidt, N. L., & Sermat, V. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.5.1038 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
A systematic review of loneliness and smoking: small effects, big implications
Dyal, S. R., & Valente, T. W. (2015) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2015.1027933 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Loneliness, social relations and health and well-being in deprived communities
Kearns, A., Whitley, E., Tannahill, C., & Ellaway, A. (2014) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.940354 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Sociodemographic and Health-Related Risks for Loneliness and Outcome Differences by Loneliness Status in a Sample of U.S. Older Adults
Theeke, L. A. (2010) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20091103-99 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Loneliness and acute stress reactivity: A systematic review of psychophysiological studies
Brown, E. G., Gallagher, S., & Creaven, A. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13031 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Would the Real Loneliness Please Stand Up? The Validity of Loneliness Scores and the Reliability of Single-Item Scores
Mund, M., Maes, M., Drewke, P. M., Gutzeit, A., Jaki, I., & Qualter, P. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221077227 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“…& Kamphuis, 1985; de Jong Gierveld & van Tilburg, 2006), the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS) in its full (D. Russell et al., 1978, 1980; D. W. Russell, 1996) and two abbreviated versions (Hawkley et al., 2015; Hays & DiMatteo, 1987), and three single-item…”
BackgroundMethod
The Bright, the Dark, and the Blue Face of Narcissism: The Spectrum of Narcissism in Its Relations to the Metatraits of Personality, Self-Esteem, and the Nomological Network of Shyness, Loneliness, and Empathy
Rogoza, R., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Kwiatkowska, M. M., & Kwiatkowska, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00343 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Attributional style of lonely and depressed people.
Anderson, C. A., Horowitz, L. M., & French, R. D. S. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.45.1.127 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Gender Differences in the Psychosocial Correlates of Suicidal Ideation Among Adolescents
Rich, A. R., Kirkpatrick‐Smith, J., Bonner, R. L., & Jans, F. (1992) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.1992.tb00741.x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Emotional and social consequences of age-related low vision
Burmedi, D., Becker, S., Heyl, V., Wahl, H., & Himmelsbach, I. (2002) · Visual Impairment Research · doi:10.1076/vimr.4.1.47.15634 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
A marginal structural model analysis for loneliness: Implications for intervention trials and clinical practice.
VanderWeele, T. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022610 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
BOREDOM PRONENESS: ITS RELATIONSHIP TO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT
Vodanovich, S. J., Verner, K. M., & Gilbride, T. V. (1991) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3f.1139 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Compensatory patterns of support among children's peer relationships: A test using school friends, nonschool friends, and siblings.
East, P. L., & Rook, K. S. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.163 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
The separateness of social and emotional loneliness in childhood
Qualter, P., & Munn, P. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00016 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Chronic loneliness and television use
Perse, E. M., & RUBIN, A. M. (1990) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159009386724 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The clinical characterization of the adult patient with bipolar disorder aimed at personalization of management
McIntyre, R. S., Alda, M., Baldessarini, R. J., Bauer, M., Berk, M., Correll, C. U., Fagiolini, A., Fountoulakis, K., Frye, M. A., Grunze, H., et al. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20997 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Psychometric analysis of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) in Taiwanese undergraduate students
Wu, C., & Yao, G. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.003 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Loneliness and Internet Use and Abuse
Morahan-Martin, J. M. (1999) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.1999.2.431 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Quality of Life
Hörnquist, J. O. (1990) · Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine · doi:10.1177/140349489001800111 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of Japanese versions of the UCLA loneliness scale version 3 for use among mothers with infants and toddlers: a cross-sectional study
Arimoto, A., & Tadaka, E. (2019) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-019-0792-4 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Loneliness and patterns of self-disclosure.
Solano, C. H., Batten, P. G., & Parish, E. A. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.43.3.524 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
A Brief Measure of Loneliness Suitable for Use with Adolescents
ROBERTS, R. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1993) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3c.1379 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Measuring Loneliness Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The UCLA and de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scales
Penning, M., Liu, G.-P., & Chou, P. H. B. (2014) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0461-1 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Cohesion, Alliance and Outcome in Group Psychotherapy
Budman, S. H., Soldz, S., Demby, A., Feldstein, M., Springer, T., & Davis, M. S. (1989) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1989.11024456 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Loneliness in the United States: A 2018 National Panel Survey of Demographic, Structural, Cognitive, and Behavioral Characteristics
Castel, L. D., Wu, J. S., Lustig, S. L., Russell, D. W., & Nemecek, D. A. (2019) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117119856551 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The effects of loneliness – a review of the literature
West, D. A., Kellner, R., & Moore-West, M. (1986) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(86)90011-8 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Social Support and Positive Events as Suicide Resiliency Factors: Examination of Synergistic Buffering Effects
Kleiman, E. M., Riskind, J. H., & Schaefer, K. E. (2014) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2013.826155 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Psychosis: The Suffolk County Mental Health Project
Bromet, E. J., Schwartz, J. E., Fennig, S., Gellér, L., Jandorf, L., Kovasznay, B. M., Lavelle, J., Miller, A., Pato, C. N., Ram, R., et al. (1992) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/18.2.243 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Family Rejection, Social Isolation, and Loneliness as Predictors of Negative Health Outcomes (Depression, Suicidal Ideation, and Sexual Risk Behavior) Among Thai Male-to-Female Transgender Adolescents
Yadegarfard, M., Meinhold-Bergmann, M. E., & Ho, R. T. K. (2014) · Journal of LGBT Youth · doi:10.1080/19361653.2014.910483 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Predictors of satisfaction with life among second generation migrants
Neto, F. F. M. (1995) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01079240 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The relationship between the cyberbullying/cybervictmization and loneliness among adolescents
Şahin, M. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.010 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
A cognitive intervention to enhance institutionalized older adults’ social support networks and decrease loneliness
Winningham, R. G., & Pike, N. L. (2007) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860701366228 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Screening for Internet Dependence: Do the Proposed Diagnostic Criteria Differentiate Normal from Dependent Internet Use?
Dowling, N. A., & Quirk, K. L. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0162 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of the Turkish Version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among university students
Doğan, T., Çötok, N. A., & Tekin, E. G. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.053 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
A systematic review of the impacts of intergenerational engagement on older adults’ cognitive, social, and health outcomes
Krzeczkowska, A., Spalding, D. M., McGeown, W. J., Gow, A. J., Carlson, M. C., & Brown, L. A. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101400 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
New Ways of Theorizing and Conducting Research in the Field of Loneliness and Social Isolation
Gierveld, J. D. J., van Tilburg, T. G., & Dykstra, P. A. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316417867.031 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Factor structure of the chinese version of the general health questionnaire (GHQ-30): A confirmatory factor analysis
Shek, D. T. L. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199309)49:5 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Would the Real Loneliness Please Stand Up? The Validity of Loneliness Measures and the Reliability of Single ItemsPreprint
Mund, M., Maes, M., Drewke, P. M., Gutzeit, A., Jaki, I., & Qualter, P. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/64bt2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure
Russell, D. W. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2 · Cited by 5,800 · see citing works
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173 · see citing works
Would the Real Loneliness Please Stand Up? The Validity of Loneliness Scores and the Reliability of Single-Item Scores
Mund, M., Maes, M., Drewke, P. M., Gutzeit, A., Jaki, I., & Qualter, P. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911221077227 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
A STUDY OF THE FEELING OF LONELINESS (I)
Kudoh, T., & Nishikawa, M. (1983) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.22.99 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Authors: Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 1978-06
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 290-294
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
OpenAlex: W2014754251
Cited by: 2,089
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 169 · 2025: 169 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 205 · 2022: 181 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 132 · 2019: 119 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 18.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, UCLA Loneliness Scale, loneliness measurement, psychometric scale development, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, emotional state
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Loneliness, Male, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self-Assessment, Social Isolation, Students, Time Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Developing a measure of loneliness

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks