An in-depth review of the methods, findings, and theories associated with odor-evoked autobiographical memory
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Abstract
Over the past nearly 35 years, there has been sporadic interest in what has commonly come to be known as the Proust phenomenon, whereby autobiographical memories are retrieved and experienced differently when evoked by odors as compared with other types of cues, such as words, images or sounds. The purpose of this review is threefold. First, we provide a detailed analysis of the methods used to investigate Proust effects. Second, we review and analyze the various findings from the literature and determine what we feel to be the most important and stable findings. Third, we provide a series of previously postulated and new hypotheses that attempt to account for the various findings. Given the early stage of research, the current review aims to provide a measure of organization to the field, as well serve as a guide for how future investigations may address the topic. We conclude with the recommendation that research in this area shift its focus from establishing the phenomenon towards explaining its causes.
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Childhood olfactory memory is generally associated with a more positive emotional valence compared to memories triggered by other senses.
“Second, childhood olfactory memory is generally associated with a more positive emotional valence compared to those triggered by other senses [3,5–8].”
From Positive early-life olfactory memory is rooted in the olfactory bulb and triggers large-scale changes beyond the olfactory system (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
The Pleasantness section (page not available) reports that odor-evoked autobiographical memories were more positive than memories evoked by other cues across the studies reviewed. It does not establish that this difference holds specifically for childhood memories. The Differential encoding bias section treats a childhood-based explanation as a hypothesis and notes evidence against it. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe sense of olfaction is unique in projecting directly to the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex, providing a close connection with the limbic system.
“The sense of olfaction is unique in projecting directly to the amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex, thus providing a close connection with the limbic system”
From The scent of emotions: A systematic review of human intra‐ and interspecific chemical communication of emotions (2020) · cites this paper as Hackländer, Janssen, & Bermeitinger, 2019
The Storage section (page unavailable) describes strong, close connections between odor-processing areas and the amygdala and hippocampus. It does not establish that olfaction uniquely projects directly to the amygdala or orbitofrontal cortex; searches for “orbitofrontal” and “limbic” found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHuman research has identified that odor-evoked autobiographical memory tends to originate from an early period of life, typically within the first decade, whereas memories evoked by other sensory modalities are mainly located in the second and third decades of life.
“First, it tends to originate from an early period of life, typically within the first decade, whereas memories evoked by other sensory modalities, such as visual or auditory cues, are mainly located in the second and third decades of life [1–5].”
From Positive early-life olfactory memory is rooted in the olfactory bulb and triggers large-scale changes beyond the olfactory system (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Hackländer, R. P. M., Janssen, S. M. J., & Bermeitinger, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Hildesheim (DE)
- University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus (MY)
- Venue
- Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
- Published
- 2018-11-07
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 401-429
- ISSN
- 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2899814900
- Semantic Scholar
- 1f941f04078bd0f3b70bca83784f5693f3d64887
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 0.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- autobiographical memory, olfactory cues, memory retrieval, sensory cueing, olfactory memory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Association, Child, Cues, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Odorants, Sound, Memory, Episodic
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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