Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Evaluation and Management
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a common complication of diabetes and present a significant health risk to patients, as well as impose a large economic burden. Evaluation for contributory factors that may impact general health or healing, such as hyperglycemia, peripheral artery disease, neuropathy, and nutritional status, is of the utmost importance. Management of DFUs requires involvement of a multidisciplinary team and a standardized approach to patient care. Standard therapy for DFUs includes offloading and debridement. Assessment and control of infection are critical, including determining the severity of the infection, which may drive therapeutic approaches. For recalcitrant ulcers, adjuvant therapies are used to hasten the healing process, and newer therapies are under investigation.
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Complete closure, rate of closure, reduction in size, recurrence, and surrogate endpoints are all potential primary and/or secondary outcomes in wound healing trials.
“Complete (100%) closure, rate of closure, reduction in size, recurrence, and “surrogate endpoints” (early changes in wound size that are intended to predict the true, meaningful clinical endpoint) are all potential primary and/or secondary outcomes (161).”
From Wound repair and regeneration: Mechanisms, signaling, and translation (2014) · cites this paper as [161]
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Plastic Surgery Applications of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
Mueller, S. M., Shi, H. D., Yu, L. C., PIKE, M. M., & Orgill, D. P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13326-7_4
- Authors
- Maderal, A. D., Vivas, A. C., Zwick, T. G., & Kirsner, R. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Retina Associates of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kirsner, Robert S.
- Venue
- Hospital Practice
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 102-115
- ISSN
- 0018-5809 (ISSN-L)
- 2154-8331
- 2377-1003
- OpenAlex
- W2005541082
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hospital Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Diseases and Diabetes
- Keywords
- diabetic foot ulcer, hyperglycemia, peripheral arterial disease, diabetic neuropathy, nutritional status, wound healing, offloading, debridement, infection control, multidisciplinary care, adjuvant therapy
- MeSH terms
- Amputation, Surgical, Anti-Infective Agents, Bandages, Debridement, Diabetic Neuropathies, Humans, Hyperbaric Oxygenation, Nutritional Status, Osteomyelitis, Risk Factors, Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Chemotherapy, Adjuvant, Diabetic Foot, Stem Cell Transplantation, Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy, Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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