Hydrodynamic escape of water vapor atmospheres near very active stars
Open accessAbstract
Abstract When exposed to the high-energy X-ray and ultraviolet radiation of a very active star, water vapor in the upper atmospheres of planets can be photodissociated and rapidly lost to space. In this paper, I study the chemical, thermal, and hydrodynamic processes in the upper atmospheres of terrestrial planets, concentrating on water-vapor-dominated atmospheres orbiting in the habitable zones of active stars. I consider different stellar activity levels and find very high levels of atmospheric escape in all cases, with the outflowing gas being dominated by atomic hydrogen and oxygen in both their neutral and ion forms. In the lower activity cases, I find that the accumulation of O2 and increases in the D/H ratios in the atmospheres due to mass fractionation are possible, but in the higher activity cases, no mass fractionation takes place. Connecting these results to stellar activity evolution tracks for solar-mass stars, I show that huge amounts of water vapor can be lost, and both the losses and the amount of O2 that can be accumulated in the atmosphere depend sensitively on the star’s initial rotation rate. For an Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of a low-mass M dwarf, my results suggest that the accumulation of atmospheric O2 is unlikely unless water loss can take place after the star’s most active phase.
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The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere
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“Although our model can be used for such cases (Johnstone et al. 2019; Johnstone 2020), we find very high atmospheric loss rates of the assumed bulk atmospheric species can take place already before reaching the transonic hydrodynamic regime.”
MethodSelf-citationEvolution of the Earth's polar outflow from mid-Archean to present
Kislyakova, K. G., Johnstone, C. P., Scherf, M., Holmström, M., Alexeev, I. I., Lammer, H., Khodachenko, M. L., & Güdel, M. (2020) · Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics · doi:10.1029/2020ja027837 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Johnstone, C. P.
- Affiliations
- Natural History Museum Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Johnstone, C. P.
- ORCID
- Johnstone, C. P.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2020-02-10
- Volume
- 890
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2996298196
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Austrian Science Fund (S11604-N16)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- atmospheric escape, water vapor, stellar activity, photodissociation, terrestrial planets, habitable zone, oxygen accumulation, mass fractionation, hydrogen/deuterium ratio, stellar rotation, M dwarfs, stellar evolution, upper atmosphere
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