The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 18 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Hydroxychloroquine Use Is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Open accessAbstract
Objective.: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) play an active role in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Primary prevention in APS may be aimed at decreasing existing elevated aPL levels, or preventing high aPL titers and/or lupus anticoagulant (LAC) from developing in the first place. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been shown in retrospective studies to decrease aPL titers in laboratory studies, and to decrease thrombosis risk in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated an association between HCQ use and persistent aPL and/or LAC in SLE. Methods.: We identified all patients over 21 years old with SLE from an urban tertiary care center who had aPL and LAC measured on at least 2 occasions at least 12 weeks apart. We defined the presence of persistent LAC+ and/or at least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U [immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, or IgM] as the main outcome variable. Results.: Among 90 patients included in the study, 17 (19%) had persistent LAC+ and/or at least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U. HCQ use was associated with significantly lower odds of having persistent LAC+ and/or aPL ≥ 40 U (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05, 0.79, p = 0.02), adjusted for age, ethnicity, and sex. Conclusion.: This is the first study to show that HCQ use is associated with lower odds of having persistently positive LAC and/or aPL. Data from this study provide a basis for the design of future prospective studies investigating the role of HCQ in primary and secondary prevention of APS.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a retrospective study of 90 SLE patients, hydroxychloroquine use was associated with lower odds of persistently positive lupus anticoagulant and/or antiphospholipid antibodies ≥40 units (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05–0.79, p=0.02). The authors conclude this exploratory finding provides a basis for future prospective studies of HCQ in primary and secondary prevention of antiphospholipid syndrome.
Key findings
- Among 90 patients, 17 (19%) had persistent LAC+ and/or at least one aPL Ab ≥40 units.
- HCQ use was lower in the persistent aPL/LAC positive group than in the comparison group: 11 (65%) vs 65 (89%), p=0.02.
- In logistic regression adjusted for age, ethnicity, and gender, HCQ use was associated with lower odds of persistent LAC+ and/or aPL Abs ≥40 U: OR 0.21 (95% CI 0.05, 0.79), p=0.02.
- For persistently positive LAC and/or moderate/high Sapporo criteria aPL Abs, HCQ use was associated with OR 0.24 (0.06, 0.94), p=0.04, and Hispanic ethnicity with OR 4.2 (1.0, 16.7), p=0.04; no association was observed for other immunosuppressives or prednisone.
Methods
- Retrospective study at Montefiore Medical Center including all adult SLE patients by ACR criteria who had LAC, anticardiolipin, anti-beta2 glycoprotein I, and antiphosphatidylserine antibodies measured at least twice, at least 12 weeks apart, between January 2006 and May 2012.
- Main outcome was persistent LAC+ and/or at least one aPL Ab (IgA, IgG, or IgM) ≥40 units; medication exposure was defined as ever having been on the medication.
- Bivariate comparisons and logistic regression adjusted for age, ethnicity, and gender were performed using STATA 12.0; no adjustments were made for multiple comparisons in this exploratory study.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: retrospective design and sample size; differential selection, differential and non-differential misclassification, disease activity, and medication dosage, duration, and compliance; causal relationship between HCQ use and aPL/LAC positivity could not be established in this cross-sectional study; the study was not designed or powered to evaluate whether HCQ decreased aPL Ab levels.
- Evident from the text: single-center urban tertiary care sample, exploratory analysis without multiple-comparison adjustment, medication exposure defined as ever use, and race/ethnicity analyzed as self-reported categories with over 90% of non-Hispanics being African-American.
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Claims the paper makes
11 Own result · 8 No full text of the sources · 6 Own method · 3 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported · 1 Not supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“This is the first study to show that HCQ use is associated with lower odds of having persistently positive LAC and/or aPL Abs.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“However, this is the first study to show that HCQ use may be associated with lower odds of having persistently positive LAC and/or aPL Abs in SLE, and, therefore, may be beneficial in primary prevention.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Abstract > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [6] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report no difference in hydroxychloroquine use between patients whose anticardiolipin antibody titres decreased, increased, or remained stable. The Discussion explicitly says the authors found no relation between hydroxychloroquine treatment and change in titre, rather than an association with lower odds of persistent positivity. Page numbers were not provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, persistently positive LAC and/or moderate/high Sapporo criteria aPL Abs (aCL IgG or IGM, or anti-b2GPI IgG or IgM) (10) were associated with HCQ use, OR 0.24 (0.06, 0.94), p=0.04”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [10] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation follows the description of persistently positive LAC and Sapporo-criteria antibodies. In Patient selection (page unavailable), the guideline says a positive lupus anticoagulant result must be repeated more than 12 weeks later, supporting the persistence requirement. Our copy does not establish the stated moderate-to-high antibody criteria or report an association with hydroxychloroquine, the odds ratio, or its p-value. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and Hispanic ethnicity, OR 4.2 (1.0, 16.7), p=0.04 (Table 3).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“We also showed that Hispanic ethnicity was associated with higher odds of persistent Sapporo criteria aPL Abs and/or LAC compared with non-Hispanics (predominantly African-Americans).”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HCQ use was associated with significantly lower odds of having persistent LAC+ and/or aPL Abs ≥ 40 U, OR 0.21 (95% CI 0.05, 0.79) p=0.02, adjusted for age, ethnicity, and gender.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“HCQ use was associated with significantly lower odds of having persistent LAC+ and/or aPL Abs ≥ 40 U (IgA, IgG or IgM), OR 0.21 (95% CI 0.05, 0.79) p=0.02.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 90 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When we limited our analysis to a subgroup of SLE patients who were not on immunosuppressives, presuming less severe SLE (n=49), HCQ was associated with the OR (95%CI) of 0.17 (0.03, 0.88), p = 0.03 of LAC+ and/or Sapporo criteria aPL Abs ≥ 40 units”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 49 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We did not observe an association between use of other immunosuppressives or prednisone and persistent LAC+ and/or aPL Abs ≥ 40U.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among 90 patients included in the study, 17 (19%) had persistent LAC+ and/or at least one aPL Ab ≥ 40 units.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Abstract > Results
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adding these variables to the above model did not change the association between HCQ and LAC/aPL Abs.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HCQ use was lower in the persistent aPL/LAC positive group than in the comparison group, 11 (65%) and 65 (89%), respectively, p=0.02.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
plaincorrelationaln = 17 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suggesting that HCQ was independently associated with LAC/aPL positivity.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
hedgedcorrelationaln = 49 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been shown to decrease aPL titers in laboratory studies (4, 5).”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Introduction
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been shown to decrease aPL titers in laboratory studies, and to decrease thrombosis risk in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in retrospective studies.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Abstract > Objective
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this is the first study to show that HCQ use may be associated with lower odds of having persistently positive LAC and/or aPL Abs in SLE, and, therefore, may be beneficial in primary prevention.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This exploratory study has several limitations related to its retrospective design and the sample size, including differential selection, differential and non-differential misclassification, disease activity, and medication dosage, duration and compliance.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL Abs) play an active role in the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS).”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Abstract > Objective
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most importantly, the causal relationship between HCQ use and aPL/LAC positivity could not be established in this cross-sectional study.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 8
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, only one published study to date evaluated the association between HCQ and aPL Abs in a secondary analysis with a negative result (6).”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report no association between hydroxychloroquine use and changes in anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) titres, and the Discussion says the study was not primarily designed to test that relationship. Our copy does not establish that this was the only published study to examine the association, and its negative finding concerns aCL titres specifically rather than all antiphospholipid antibodies. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“LAC was reported as positive or negative (LAC+/LAC−) by the MMC laboratory in accordance with the guidelines of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (9).”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Materials and methods
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] source
The Lupus anticoagulant section gives criteria for classifying LA results as positive and recommends testing before LA is excluded. The citation supports the guidelines used; the statement that the MMC laboratory followed them describes the citing authors’ own practice. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over 90% of non-Hispanics were African-American, reflecting the overall racial/ethnic distribution in our center.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Materials and methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age and gender were not independently associated with persistent LAC/aPL Abs.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median (IQR) duration of HCQ use was 49 (31, 61) months in the aPL/LAC positive group, and 36 (19, 56) months in the comparison group, p=0.6.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of patients who converted from aPL and/or LAC positive to negative, or from negative to positive, was small.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While it was previously reported that LAC was more prevalent in Caucasians (15), the association between Hispanic ethnicity and the higher odds of positive aPL and/or LAC has not been previously reported.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“According to the two-hit hypothesis, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL Abs) is necessary to create a prothrombotic state (1st hit).”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two groups were similar with respect to age, gender, co-morbidity scores, HCQ duration, and disease duration.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No adjustments were made for multiple comparisons in this exploratory study.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Materials and methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely that aPL Abs are affected by multiple demographic and SLE-specific factors.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While it was previously reported that LAC was more prevalent in Caucasians (15), the association between Hispanic ethnicity and the higher odds of positive aPL and/or LAC has not been previously reported.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“When we compared patients on HCQ (HCQ+) with patients not on HCQ (HCQ−), no differences were observed with respect to demographics, disease duration, Charlson Co-morbidity Score (11), or medications.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“HCQ treatment is currently recommended for SLE patients with persistent moderate-high aPL Ab or LAC+ for primary prevention (grade 1B to 2B recommendation) based on the other beneficial effects of HCQ in SLE (12, 13) and thrombosis (14).”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, aPL Abs alone are not sufficient, and may persist for a long time before the 2nd hit results in the actual thrombotic event (1, 2).”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Introduction
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, while our study was not designed or powered to evaluate whether HCQ decreased aPL Ab levels, the information learned from this study may be used to design prospective studies to evaluate this important question.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we included only patients who satisfied ACR criteria for SLE, and performed several sensitivity analyses with consistent results.”
§ Hydroxychloroquine Use is Associated with Lower Odds of Persistently Positive Antiphospholipid Antibodies and/or Lupus Anticoagulant in SLE > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Citations
Cites
The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus
Tan, E. M., Cohen, A. S., Fries, J. F., Masi, A. T., Mcshane, D. J., Rothfield, N. F., Schaller, J. G., Talal, N., & Winchester, R. J. (1982) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.1780251101 · Cited by 14,519
MIYAKIS, S., LOCKSHIN, M. D., ATSUMI, T., BRANCH, D. W., BREY, R. L., CERVERA, R., DERKSEN, R. H. W. M., DE GROOT, P. G., KOIKE, T., MERONI, P. L., et al. (2006) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x · Cited by 7,203
Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection
PENGO, V., TRIPODI, A., REBER, G., RAND, J. H., ORTEL, T. L., GALLI, M., & DE GROOT, P. G. (2009) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03555.x · Cited by 1,197
Ruiz-Irastorza, G., Ramos-Casals, M., Brito-Zeron, P., & Khamashta, M. A. (2010) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2008.101766 · Cited by 978
Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Ruiz-Irastorza, G., Egurbide, M.-V., Pijoan, J.-I., Garmendia, M., Villar, I., Martinez-Berriotxoa, A., Erdozain, J.-G., & Aguirre, C. (2006) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203306071872 · Cited by 411 · cited 1×
“LAC+ and/or at least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U 25 (28) 20 (22) 17 (19) LAC+ and aPL ≥ 40 U 7 (8) 4 (4) 4 (4) LAC– and aPL ≥ 40 U 6 (7) 2 (2) 1 (1) LAC+ and aPL < 40 U 1 (1) 3 (3) 1 (1) LAC unknown and aPL ≥ 40 U 11 (12) 11 (12) 7 (8) LAC unknown and aPL < 40 U 37 (41) 28 (31) 24 (27) At least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U 24 (27) 17 (19) 16 (18) A…”
Jung, H., Bobba, R., Su, J., Shariati‐Sarabi, Z., Gladman, D. D., Urowitz, M., Lou, W., & Fortin, P. R. (2010) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.27289 · Cited by 291 · cited 1×
“LAC+ and/or at least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U 25 (28) 20 (22) 17 (19) LAC+ and aPL ≥ 40 U 7 (8) 4 (4) 4 (4) LAC– and aPL ≥ 40 U 6 (7) 2 (2) 1 (1) LAC+ and aPL < 40 U 1 (1) 3 (3) 1 (1) LAC unknown and aPL ≥ 40 U 11 (12) 11 (12) 7 (8) LAC unknown and aPL < 40 U 37 (41) 28 (31) 24 (27) At least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U 24 (27) 17 (19) 16 (18) A…”
Rand, J. H., Wu, X.-X., Quinn, A. S., Ashton, A. W., Chen, P. P., Hathcock, J. J., Andree, H. A. M., & Taatjes, D. J. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-04-213520 · Cited by 253 · cited 1×
“LAC+ and/or at least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U 25 (28) 20 (22) 17 (19) LAC+ and aPL ≥ 40 U 7 (8) 4 (4) 4 (4) LAC– and aPL ≥ 40 U 6 (7) 2 (2) 1 (1) LAC+ and aPL < 40 U 1 (1) 3 (3) 1 (1) LAC unknown and aPL ≥ 40 U 11 (12) 11 (12) 7 (8) LAC unknown and aPL < 40 U 37 (41) 28 (31) 24 (27) At least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U 24 (27) 17 (19) 16 (18) A…”
Rand, J. H., Wu, X.-X., Quinn, A. S., Chen, P. P., Hathcock, J. J., & Taatjes, D. J. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-03-144204 · Cited by 215
Petri, M. (2011) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-010-0141-y · Cited by 206
Pathogenic mechanisms mediating antiphospholipid syndrome
Meroni, P. L., & Riboldi, P. (2001) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/00002281-200109000-00006 · Cited by 99 · cited 1×
“LAC+ and/or at least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U 25 (28) 20 (22) 17 (19) LAC+ and aPL ≥ 40 U 7 (8) 4 (4) 4 (4) LAC– and aPL ≥ 40 U 6 (7) 2 (2) 1 (1) LAC+ and aPL < 40 U 1 (1) 3 (3) 1 (1) LAC unknown and aPL ≥ 40 U 11 (12) 11 (12) 7 (8) LAC unknown and aPL < 40 U 37 (41) 28 (31) 24 (27) At least 1 aPL ≥ 40 U 24 (27) 17 (19) 16 (18) A…”
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lisnevskaia, L., Murphy, G., & Isenberg, D. (2014) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60128-8 · Cited by 752
The Pathogenesis of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Giannakopoulos, B., & Krilis, S. A. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1112830 · Cited by 687
Hydroxychloroquine in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Ponticelli, C. E., & Moroni, G. L. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1269168 · Cited by 353
Erkan, D., Aguiar, C. L., ANDRADE, D. C. O. D., Cohen, H., Cuadrado, M. J., Danowski, A., Levy, R. A., Ortel, T. L., Rahman, A., Salmon, J. E., et al. (2014) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.053 · Cited by 322
“Role of HCQ on the aPL titers Based on limited number of studies, HCQ may decrease antibody levels in aPL positive persons [52]; HCQ use was also associated with lower odds of having persistently positive aPL, adjusted for age, ethnicity, and gender [53].”
BackgroundPlantone, D., & Koudriavtseva, T. (2018) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-018-0656-y · Cited by 305
Metadata
- Authors
- BRODER, A., & PUTTERMAN, C.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Rheumatology
- Publisher
- The Journal of Rheumatology
- Published
- 2012-08-01
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-33
- ISSN
- 0315-162X (ISSN-L)
- 1499-2752
- PMC
- PMC3768146
- OpenAlex
- W2116291585
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Rheumatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AR048692)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK090319)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR048692)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Vasculitis and related conditions
- Keywords
- hydroxychloroquine, antiphospholipid antibodies, lupus anticoagulant, systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, thromboprophylaxis, immunosuppressive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine, Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic, Male, Middle Aged, Retrospective Studies, Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, Antibodies, Antiphospholipid, Antirheumatic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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