What is the business of business? Who said we had to be greedy?

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The pervasiveness of externalities justifies the principle that managers should pursue the welfare of the shareholders rather than their monetary returns.

“The pervasiveness of externalities, according to Hart and Zingales (2017), justifies the principle that managers should pursue the welfare of the shareholders rather than their monetary returns.”

• cites Hart and Zingales (2017) sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction argues that shareholder welfare is broader than market value and that shareholders may care about externalities. But the paper’s case for managers pursuing shareholder welfare depends on shareholders having social concerns and on externalities not being separable from production decisions; the pervasiveness of externalities alone is not its stated justification. Our copy provides section labels but no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Typical shareholders do care about externalities and therefore focusing on a narrow bottom line is not appropriate.

“By this, they mean that typical shareholders do care about these externalities and therefore focusing on a narrow bottom”

• cites Hart and Zingales (2017) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It is hard to reconcile the duty to maximize profit with a duty to keep prices low for customers and wages high for workers.

“It is, however, hard to reconcile the duty to maximize profit with a duty to keep prices low for customers and wages high for workers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A division of labor is possible between private and public institutions, freeing private agents from the whole burden of pursuing the social good, but only to a limited extent.

“A division of labor is, indeed, possible between private and public institutions, freeing private agents from the whole burden of pursuing the social good, but only to a limited extent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The new corporation is conscious of its influence on society and the environment.

“The new corporation is conscious of its influence on society and the environment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Friedman's usually quoted statement only refers to deception or fraud as the red line not to cross, whereas the quoted passage refers to the 'basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom'.

“while the usually quoted statement only refers to deception or fraud as the red line not to cross, the above quote refers to the 'basic rules of the society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom'.”

• cites Friedman (1970)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The reference to ethical custom opens the door to environmental, social and governance norms that are usually at the core of the current understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR).

“The reference to ethical custom opens the door to environmental, social and governance norms that are usually at the core of the current understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Friedman accuses the socially responsible manager of acting as a tax authority that takes money away from others, without their consent, to use it for purposes that are not aligned with theirs.

“Friedman accuses the socially responsible manager to act as a tax authority that takes money away from others, without their consent, to use it for purposes that are not aligned with theirs.”

• cites Friedman (1970)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

As the world faces multiple crises on many fronts, the modern corporation faces a reckoning.

“As the world faces multiple crises on many fronts, the modern corporation faces a reckoning.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For Friedman, a free society was not a society in which everyone should be encouraged to think only of one's own interest and to conceive of one's interest in purely material terms.

“A free society, for him, was not a society in which everyone should be encouraged to think only of one's own interest and to conceive of one's interest in purely material terms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Friedman clearly explains that in a free society, the creators or owners of a corporation may have any goal (provided it is not malevolent, obviously), from sole profit to pure charity, and presumably all nuances in between.

“In fact, Friedman clearly explains that in a free society, the creators or owners of a corporation may have any goal (provided it is not malevolent, obviously), from sole profit to pure charity, and presumably all nuances in between.”

• cites Friedman, 1970Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Half a century later, the Business Roundtable has signed on a new statement of purpose which sounds like a sharp rebuke of Friedman's legacy: 'we share a fundamental commitment to all of our stakeholders.'

“But half a century later, the Business Roundtable has signed on a new statement of purpose which sounds like a sharp rebuke of Friedman's legacy: 'we share a fundamental commitment to all of our stakeholders.'”

• cites https://opportunity.businessroundtable.org/ourcommitment/Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The beginning of that op-ed brings a few key nuances that are quietly ignored by many adepts of the doctrine.

“But the beginning of that op-ed brings a few key nuances that are quietly ignored by many adepts of the doctrine.”

• cites Friedman, 1970Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Colm Kelly (2019) reviews the arguments and ongoing initiatives for a re-alignment of the corporation with larger societal goals.

“Colm Kelly (2019) reviews the arguments and ongoing initiatives for a re-alignment of the corporation with larger societal goals.”

• cites Kelly (2019)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Friedman was misread and betrayed.

“In fact, Friedman was misread and betrayed, and he was much more cautious and open-minded than the apostles of greed would have been.”

• cites Friedman (1962)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Friedman (1970)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Adjusting the purpose, the governance and the reporting of the corporation would enable to step back from profit maximization (while retaining the imperative of financial sustainability) and paid greater attention to broader social and environmental goals.

“Adjusting the purpose, the governance and the reporting of the corporation would enable to step back from profit maximization (while retaining the imperative of financial sustainability) and paid greater attention to broader social and environmental goals”

• cites Kelly (2019)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The corporation has been a great source of social progress.

“and the corporation has been a great source of social progress.”

• cites Deaton 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Friedman's statement that a corporate executive spending on social or environmental causes on his own initiative would be spending someone else's money for a general social interest is inconsistent with the principle that the sole duty of the manager is toward his employers.

“This is of course inconsistent with the principle that the sole duty of the manager is toward his employers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Carefully reading Friedman raises doubts about his alleged influence.

“But carefully reading him raises doubts about his alleged influence.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Milton Friedman may have crystallized a specific corporate culture and shaped the teaching in many business schools.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Milton Friedman (1970) cogently argued that the main business of business was profit-making.

“Milton Friedman (1970) cogently argued that the main business of business was profit-making.”

• cites Friedman (1970)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Adam Smith's 'invisible hand' allegory is being cited a lot, but Smith himself was making a quite limited (and reasonable) claim.

“Incidentally, although Adam Smith's 'invisible hand' allegory is being cited a lot, Smith himself was making a quite limited (and reasonable) claim.”

• cites Smith (1776)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A change in how business sees its function in society is urgent and eminently feasible.

“A change in how business sees its function in society is, indeed, urgent, and eminently feasible.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The corporation has always been associated with complaints about its inhumane treatment of workers and its irresponsible overuse of the environment.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Ideas such as the primacy of shareholders, the pursuit of profit, and the celebration of greed as the engine of prosperity have always met serious skepticism and opposition.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The emergence of corporate giants in the global economy is triggering questions about their behavior (such as tax evasion).

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a society made of isolated islands with no communication between them, selfishness is totally aligned with the general good.

“Consider a society made of isolated islands with no communication between them. The only way in which an island can contribute to the overall good is through thriving by itself. Selfishness is then totally aligned with the general good.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The ongoing change in business culture is justified considering the prevailing interdependence among stakeholders and the pervasive externalities of economic activities.

“The ongoing change in business culture is justified considering the prevailing interdependence among stakeholders and the pervasive externalities of economic activities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first important qualification of the doctrine is that it all comes from the duty of the manager, as an employee, to pursue the interests of the owners of the firm.

“The first important qualification of the doctrine is that it all comes from the duty of the manager, as an employee, to pursue the interests of the owners of the firm.”

• cites Friedman, 1970Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Friedman was not an advocate of selfishness and greed.

“What is truly clear, at any rate, is that Friedman was not an advocate of selfishness and greed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

A reform of the corporation appears likely.

“A reform of the corporation appears likely.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There is another part of Friedman's text that suggests that the responsibility of the manager is not only toward the shareholders.

“Moreover, there is another part of the text that suggests that the responsibility of the manager is not only toward the shareholders.”

• cites Friedman (1970)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Friedman was much more cautious and open-minded than the apostles of greed would have been.

“In fact, Friedman was misread and betrayed, and he was much more cautious and open-minded than the apostles of greed would have been.”

• cites Friedman (1962)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Friedman (1970)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This pulls the rug from under the feet of the advocates of profit as the sole goal of business.

“This pulls the rug from under the feet of the advocates of profit as the sole goal of business.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fleurbaey et al. (2018) put the reform of the purpose and governance of the corporation among the key steps to cure the ills of 'capitalism' as we know it.

“Fleurbaey et al. (2018) similarly put the reform of the purpose and governance of the corporation among the key steps to cure the ills of 'capitalism' as we know it.”

• cites Fleurbaey et al. (2018) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Criticism is becoming louder nowadays.

“Criticism is becoming louder nowadays”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The emergence of corporate giants in the global economy is triggering questions about their behavior (such as tax evasion).

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Firms' capacity of coordination and administrative functions provide great assets for actions that households cannot easily initiate or can initiate only through specific organizations.

“Their capacity of coordination and their administrative functions provide great assets for actions that households cannot easily initiate or can initiate only through specific organizations.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The state is best equipped to take care of distribution, so that private agents could limit their interactions with strangers to market transactions.

May combine two claims.

NER Group businesses leverage each other's strengths, knowledge and resources when needed, and share and relocate workers when businesses in the community are in need.

“The businesses also leverage each other's strengths, knowledge and resources when needed. They even share and relocate workers when businesses in the community are in need.”

• cites Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The only economic agents affected by the decisions of the firm are the shareholders, and their interest is that profit be maximized.

“So here we see that the only economic agents affected by the decisions of the firm are the shareholders, and their interest is that profit be maximized.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Perfect competition prevails in the market economy under consideration.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Similar kinds of organizations are popping up all around the world, in all kinds of sectors, and from all sizes.

“In fact, we can find similar kinds of organizations popping up all around the world, in all kinds of sectors, and from all sizes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

These examples show consistency in serving both the micro and macro purposes of the firm, even at large scales.

“They serve as examples of how to show a consistency in serving both the micro and macro purposes of the firm. Even at large scales.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Peter Singer adopts a fundamentalist Benthamite approach in which, ideally, everyone should sacrifice oneself up to the point where one's marginal utility equals the highest marginal utility in society (i.e., up to the point when one belongs to the most deprived category).

“The most extreme along these lines is probably Peter Singer (2009), who adopts a fundamentalist Benthamite approach in which, ideally, everyone should sacrifice oneself up to the point where one's marginal utility equals the highest marginal utility in society ( i.e. , up to the point when one belongs to the most deprived category).”

• cites Singer (2009)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The main difference between the authors' view and Friedman is that internal stakeholders include other parties than shareholders, and that externalities impose special responsibilities and duties.

“The main difference with Friedman is only that the internal stakeholders include other parties than the shareholders, and that externalities impose special responsibilities and duties.”

• cites FriedmanNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The NER Group businesses differ in legal status (cooperatives, private limited firms, non-profit organizations) and in size (from a few to several hundred members).

“The businesses differ in their legal status from cooperatives, private limited firms, and even non-profit organizations. And they differ in size, ranging from just a few to several hundred members.”

• cites Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Some examples show the potential of scaling this approach to communities consisting of tens of thousands of stakeholders.

“Some of those examples show us the potential of scaling this approach to communities consisting of tens of thousands of stakeholders.”

May combine two claims.

Haier's microenterprises are small, autonomous companies run by staff, who are solely responsible for the provision of products and services.

“These are small, autonomous companies run by the staff. In fact, the staff, or entrepreneurs as they are referred to, are solely responsible for the provision of products and services.”

• cites Yu and Greeven, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Businesses are communities of collaboration of different contributors with diverse interests and aspirations, and they cannot hide behind the market to shed their special responsibilities to all their members.

“Businesses are communities of collaboration of different contributors with diverse interests and aspirations, and they cannot hide behind the market to shed their special responsibilities to all their members.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The idea that selfishness is justified appears outlandish in a society with injustices needing repair and with strong interdependence between its members.

“While the idea that selfishness is justified appears outlandish in a society with injustices needing repair and with strong interdependence between its members, it is nevertheless worth exploring if, under certain suitable institutions, it may become acceptable, as Rawls believed for the fair institutional structure he theorized.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: We are not a society of isolated islands.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Externalities cannot be fully addressed by government regulation.

“We have already answered a similar question relative to the externalities, which cannot be fully addressed by government regulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The NER Group's humanistic model advocates people sharing in decision-making and working in an environment of transparency, communication, trust, responsibility, ethics, solidarity and freedom.

“The micro purpose of the humanistic model of the NER group advocates for people to share in decision-making and to work in 'an environment of transparency, communication, trust, responsibility, ethics, solidarity and freedom' (Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017, p.2).”

• cites Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

The quote only partly states this claim.

In a perfectly competitive market economy with a suitable welfare state, market interactions can be guided legitimately entirely by self-interest, because agents cannot affect others except through non-market actions such as gifts.

“In such a case, these market interactions can be guided, legitimately, entirely by self-interest.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Perfect competition prevails in the market economy under consideration.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: An optimal welfare state exists.
• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Gifts and similar eleemosynary acts by individual agents are not as effective as redistribution by the welfare state.

May combine two claims.

In the NER Group, sharing of profit with all is non-negotiable and proportional to salary level, with a minimum of 30% shared with all workers.

“Moreover, the sharing of profit with all is non-negotiable and proportional to the salary level, with a minimum of 30% being shared with all workers.”

• cites Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Despite their differences, NER Group businesses share one project and consider people the most important and valuable aspect of their organizations.

“But despite their differences they all do 'share one project and consider people to be the most important and valuable aspect of their organizations'.”

• cites Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smith did not claim that the resulting allocation was optimal.

“But he did not claim that the resulting allocation was optimal, only that it brought benefit to all parties and created prosperity.”

• cites Smith (1776)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Smith claimed that trade brought benefit to all parties and created prosperity.

“But he did not claim that the resulting allocation was optimal, only that it brought benefit to all parties and created prosperity.”

• cites Smith (1776)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The firm is not a market; it is precisely formed because long-term non-market coordination is more efficient to lower transaction costs and build up the necessary investments in know-how and methods that make its brand.

“The firm is not a market. It is precisely formed because long-term non-market coordination is more efficient to lower transaction costs and build up the necessary investments in know-how and methods that make its brand.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It makes no sense to argue that workers bear no risk and therefore should work under the authority of a boss, because hierarchical authority itself carries substantial risks.

“It makes no sense to argue that workers bear no risk and therefore should work under the authority of a boss, which by itself carries substantial risks.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Of Jaipur Rugs' weaver community, 85% are women and most are from the untouchable caste, India's poorest and most marginalized class of citizens.

“Of Jaipur Rugs' weaver community 85% are women and most are from the untouchable caste, India's poorest and most marginalized class of citizens.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Friedman proposes that philanthropy is better done by individuals than by corporations, but whether this is true can depend on the context and the type of action considered.

“Friedman proposes that philanthropy is better done by individuals than by corporations, but this can depend on the context and the type of action considered.”

• cites FriedmanNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The state is best equipped to take care of distribution, so that private agents could limit their interactions with strangers to market transactions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Smith was too optimistic about the frugality of the rich, claiming that they consume not much more than everybody else.

“He was too optimistic, though, about the frugality of the rich, claiming that they consume not much more than everybody else.”

• cites Smith (1759)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Jaipur Rugs' mission is to make clear that their artisans' and their communities' welfare comes before profit and growth.

“It is Jaipur Rugs' mission to make it clear that their artisans' and their communities' welfare comes before profit and growth.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This subservience is ultimately unhealthy for workers and undermines the productivity and effectiveness of the whole organization.

“It is ultimately unhealthy for the workers and it undermines the productivity and effectiveness of the whole organization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There are conflicting interests between various stakeholders, but the conflict between workers and equity holders is not necessarily more severe than the conflict between shareholders with different purposes or beliefs about optimal strategies.

“Of course, there are conflicting interests between the various stakeholders, but the conflict between workers and equity holders is not necessarily more severe than the conflict between shareholders with different purposes or different beliefs about optimal strategies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gerald Cohen objected to Rawls's moderate conception of justice, noting that talented people are somehow blackmailing the less advantaged by refusing to deploy their talents unless they receive special privileges in the form of low marginal tax rates.

“Gerald Cohen (2000) famously objected to this moderate conception of justice, noting that talented people are somehow blackmailing the less advantaged by refusing to deploy their talents unless they receive special privileges in the form of low marginal tax rates.”

• cites Cohen (2000)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

For a business in perfect competition, there is no impact of its actions on its suppliers, workers, and customers, because if it did not exist, they would do similar transactions at the same prices and wages with other businesses.

“For a business, similarly, there is no impact of its action on its suppliers, workers, and customers.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Perfect competition prevails in the market economy under consideration.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

As a result, Jaipur Rugs' independent artisans get fair and timely pay, which supports and develops their local communities.

“As a result, the independent artisans get fair and timely pay. This gives them not only an opportunity to make a better living for themselves and their family, but also supports and develops their local communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Jaipur Rugs, founded in 1978, employs 40,000 independent artisans spread across 600 villages of India.

“Founded in 1978 this organization now employs 40,000 independent artisans, spread across 600 villages of India.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rawls accepted the classical equity-efficiency dilemma and allowed inequalities to emerge from the incentive constraints of labor markets and taxation mechanisms.

“He accepted the classical equity-efficiency dilemma and allowed inequalities to emerge from the incentive constraints of labor markets and taxation mechanisms.”

• cites Rawls (1971) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The economy is far from perfectly competitive; firms have considerable market power in both output and input markets.

“In the time of the GAFA (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon), as it was in the time of the robber barons or more recently of Bell and its babies, the economy is far from perfectly competitive. Especially, firms have considerable market power, not just on their output markets but also on their input markets.”

May combine two claims.

Maximizing profit through market power generates a deadweight loss, and enriching shareholders at the expense of customers, suppliers and workers is unlikely to contribute to societal well-being, given that shareholders are often among the wealthiest.

“Maximizing profit through market power generates a deadweight loss, and enriching shareholders at the expense of customers, suppliers and workers is unlikely to contribute to societal well-being, given that shareholders are often among the wealthiest”

May combine two claims.

In perfect competition with free entry, all shares get the same market return and there is no pure profit, because any pure profit attracts competitors and drives the price down.

“In the case of perfect competition with free entry, all shares get the same market return and there is no pure profit, because any pure profit attracts competitors and drives the price down.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Perfect competition prevails in the market economy under consideration.

May combine two claims.

In Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith noticed that trade has some redistributive properties, because employers pay employees and lift them out of poverty, producing a situation in which household consumption is much less unequal than it would be in absence of such trades on the labor market.

“In the Theory of Moral Sentiments , Smith (1759) also noticed that trade has some redistributive properties, because employers pay employees and lift them out of poverty, producing a situation in which household consumption is much less unequal than it would be in absence of such trades on the labor market.”

• cites Smith (1759)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The same can be said, to a lesser extent, about the suppliers in regular relation with the firm, and of the communities in which the firms and their suppliers operate.

“The same can be said, to a lesser extent, about the suppliers in regular relation with the firm, and of the communities in which the firms and their suppliers operate.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: This is not true for most workers; they strongly depend on the stability of their job and working conditions, and even the wage is not set anonymously by the market but bargained over and regularly adjusted.

May combine two claims.

Buurtzorg, founded in 2006, now employs over 15,000 workers, of which just 50 are in headquarters.

“Buurtzorg has been rapidly scaling since its founding in 2006, and now employs over 15,000 workers of which there are just 50 people in their headquarters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Benefit corporations are not special and are part of the ecology of business alongside more ordinary commercial firms.

“In this inclusive vision of corporate purpose, benefit corporations are not special and are part of the ecology of business alongside more ordinary commercial firms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Singer does not seek to impose this sacrifice on everyone here and now.

“Singer, however, does not seek to impose this sacrifice on everyone here and now, and only insists that the world would be a better place if everyone made a moderate effort in that direction.”

• cites Singer (2009)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Conflicts among stakeholders make the concept of 'the interests of stakeholders in the pursuit of their business purpose' hard to substantiate precisely.

“Such conflicts make the concept of 'the interests of stakeholders in the pursuit of their business purpose' hard to substantiate precisely.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

If one adds up the unpaid housework that represents up to 50% of GDP, one could say that, by far, most of the economic activity is non-market.

“If one adds up the unpaid housework that represents up to 50% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), one could say that, by far, most of the economic activity is non-market.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Unpaid housework represents up to 50% of GDP.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Jaipur Rugs eliminates exploitative middlemen and steers those profits directly back to local weaver communities.

“They do this by eliminating the exploitative middlemen (who took profits out of the system) and steer those profits directly back to the local weaver communities that do the actual work.”

May combine two claims.

The NER Group comprises 1,300 staff, has a presence in 60 countries, and total revenues over €400 million.

“Alltogether this community of business projects comprises of 1,300 staff, has a presence in 60 countries and its total revenues extend over €400 million.”

• cites Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The purpose of generating income remains legitimate to a large extent.

“The purpose of generating income remains legitimate to a large extent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Redistribution toward the most disadvantaged is warranted to some extent, at least to the extent that the most disadvantaged are, as a group, the most likely to descend from the victims of past crimes.

“This implies that one cannot consider that the playing field is fair, and therefore also implies that redistribution toward the most disadvantaged is warranted to some extent, at least to the extent that the most disadvantaged are, as a group, the most likely to descend from the victims of past crimes.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The most disadvantaged are, as a group, the most likely to descend from the victims of past crimes.

May combine two claims.

Buurtzorg's self-governing nurse teams are highly rooted in local communities and leverage all available resources to service local clients.

“Those self-governing nurse teams are highly rooted in their local communities and leverage all resources available to service their local clients as best as they can.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

No agreement exists about the definition of the common good, and this by itself makes it impossible for the government to treat externalities and inequalities optimally in the eyes of everyone.

“The fact that no agreement exists about the definition of the common good, by itself, makes it impossible for the government to treat externalities and inequalities optimally in the eyes of everyone.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The state is best equipped to take care of distribution, so that private agents could limit their interactions with strangers to market transactions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The alignment of private goals and the common good seems out of reach given that the definition of the common good is itself a very contentious issue.

“One difficulty with the imperfect world in which both externalities and inequalities are not optimally addressed by the government and can be further alleviated by private actors is that the alignment of private goals and the common good seems out of reach given that the definition of the common good is itself a very contentious issue.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The state is best equipped to take care of distribution, so that private agents could limit their interactions with strangers to market transactions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This double standard is cynical and ultimately self-defeating.

“This double standard is very natural for people in positions of authority, but quite cynical and ultimately selfdefeating.”

May combine two claims.

Haier's corporate transformation boosted worker engagement and made the whole organization more resilient.

“This corporate transformation did not only boost the engagement levels of the workers but also made the whole organization more resilient.”

• cites Yu and Greeven, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Buurtzorg has earned high patient and employee ratings and appears to provide high-quality home care at lower cost than any other competitor organization.

“Buurtzorg has earned high patient and employee ratings and appears to provide high-quality home care at lower cost than any other competitor organization 18 .”

• cites [18]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Most businesses in an affluent economy will have larger goals involving the well-being of stakeholders and, beyond internal stakeholders, societal harmony as well as sustainability.

“But, just as Friedman suggested, income generation is just one possible goal, and most businesses in an affluent economy will have larger goals involving the well-being of the stakeholders and, beyond internal stakeholders, societal harmony as well as sustainability.”

• cites FriedmanNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Rawls believed that individuals were required to support the just institutions, but within these settled rules of the game, were licensed to pursue their personal interest.

“philosopher John Rawls (1971) believed that individuals were required to support the just institutions, but within these settled rules of the game, were licensed to pursue their personal interest.”

• cites Rawls (1971) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Singer insists that the world would be a better place if everyone made a moderate effort in that direction.

“Singer, however, does not seek to impose this sacrifice on everyone here and now, and only insists that the world would be a better place if everyone made a moderate effort in that direction.”

• cites Singer (2009)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The NER Group is a community of businesses founded on 2 November 2010, consisting of 20 Spanish business projects located in Gipuzkoa and Biscay.

“This community of businesses, founded on 2 November 2010, consist of 20 Spanish business projects located in the historic areas of Gipuzkoa and Biscay.”

• cites Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Such desired subservience is perverse and generates a context that fosters abuse and harassment on one side, and servility and insecurity on the other.

“Such a desired subservience is perverse and generates a context that fosters abuse and harassment on one side, servility, and insecurity on the other side.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

While giving money may be easy for individuals and households, setting up more ambitious charitable action may be more easily coordinated by a large community, and firms may have such resources at their disposal.

“While giving money may be easy for individuals and households, setting up more ambitious charitable action may be more easily coordinated by a large community and firms may have such resources at their disposal.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The state is best equipped to take care of distribution, so that private agents could limit their interactions with strangers to market transactions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Workers cannot trust an environment that simultaneously tells them they have no say and that their engagement is dearly sought.

“Workers cannot trust an environment that simultaneously tells them that they have no say and that their engagement is dearly sought.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There is generally agreement about a list of relevant social issues, so private charitable actions can improve the social situation in the eyes of most observers.

“These sobering considerations should not, however, be considered overwhelming, because there is generally agreement about a list of relevant social issues, so that private charitable actions can improve the social situation in the eyes of most observers.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The state is best equipped to take care of distribution, so that private agents could limit their interactions with strangers to market transactions.

May combine two claims.

Haier microenterprises must collaborate with other microenterprises in Ecosystem Micro Communities (EMCs), and EMC contracts are signed tied to the performance of their own microcommunity.

“They need to collaborate with other micro-enterprises in so-called 'Ecosystem Micro Communities' (EMCs). There are even 'EMC contracts' signed, tied to the performance of their own 'microcommunity'.”

• cites Yu and Greeven, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

NER Group businesses operate as autonomous businesses but share common values and rules around internal and external solidarity.

“To achieve such humane internalities the businesses in the community operate as autonomous businesses but share common values and rules around internal and external solidarity.”

• cites Sainz and Apellaniz, 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is no reason to stick to the perverse vision that prosperity can only come from the promotion of a vice.

“Clearly, there is no reason to stick to the perverse vision that prosperity can only come from the promotion of a vice.”