The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 101 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Facing DSM-V
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“As such, these results support the notion that an individual’s narcissism presentation may fluctuate over time [20, 21] and that vulnerable and grandiose presentations are inter-related and oscillating [9, 19].”
From Living with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“While the differences in presentation between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism appear manifest, it has been argued that they reflect both sides of a narcissistic ‘coin’ [9] that may be regularly oscillating, inter-related and state dependent [6, 18–22].”
From Living with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“We found many grandiose features that have been validated through empirical research [2, 3, 19].”
From Living with pathological narcissism: a qualitative study (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Notably, in the buildup to the release of DSM-5, several scholars published reviews of the state of the literature on narcissism and NPD and documented their support for its continued inclusion in the DSM (e.g., Levy et al. 2007;Pincus & Lukowitsky 2010;Ronningstam 2009Ronningstam , 2011)).”
From Controversies in Narcissism (2017) · cites this paper as Ronningstam 2009
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Siegel, L. J., & Fletcher‐Janzen, E. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470373699.speced0655 · Cited by 8,467
Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2018) · doi:10.4324/9780429471643 · Cited by 3,886
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Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001 · Cited by 3,428
The functional architecture of human empathy
Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582304267187 · Cited by 3,407
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456 · Cited by 3,378
Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem.
Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.103.1.5 · Cited by 2,378
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–226 of 226
Narcissistic Phenomena in Patients with Substance Use Disorder: Narrative Review
(2023) · ADIKTOLOGIE Journal · doi:10.35198/01-2023-003-0007
“Another factor that may have influenced prev - alence are the functional range of individuals with NPD and the fact that people received a diagnosis of NPD in outpatient care and small private facilities (Ronningstam, 2009).”
Etiologija patološkog narcizma
Sveučilište u Zagrebu, F. F., & Pavlić, M. (2024) · Socijalna psihijatrija · doi:10.24869/spsih.2023.291
Neuropredictive Models of Personality Pathology
Grecucci, A., Rizzi, R., Baggio, T., Bakiaj, R., Langerbeck, M., Jornkokgoud, K., & Messina, I. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32035-4_107-1
Malignant Self-Regard and Characterological Depressivity
Huprich, S. K., & Malone, B. C. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780191964343.003.0010
Conflicted Help-Seeking: Vulnerable and Grandiose Narcissistic Traits in College Students
Lannin, D. G., Brenner, R., Solka, J., Martin, A., & Hermann, A. D. (2025) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2025.2460783
“In contrast, higher levels of grandiose narcissism may buffer against these concerns, as such students may perceive therapy as relevant only to others who they see as more distressed or “needing help” (Ronningstam, 2009; Schoenleber et al., 2011).”
Bush, G. J., & Luchner, A. F. (2025) · Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.55913/joep.v1i2.68
“Although healthy narcissism provides a foundation for a consistent and positive view of oneself, pathological narcissism involves acting only out of self-interest and demands of external validation to boost self-worth (Ronningstam, 2009; Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010).”
Christians Have More Self-Compassion Than Atheists—But Also More Grandiose (Not Fragile) Narcissism
Magee, M. W. (2025) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-025-01239-x
Neuropredictive Models of Personality Pathology
Grecucci, A., Rizzi, R., Baggio, T., Bakiaj, R., Langerbeck, M., Jornkokgoud, K., & Messina, I. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73368-0_107
Wang, H., Zhou, K., & Wei, X. (2025) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2025.2576802
“Past research found that especially individuals with vulnerable narcissism tend to prefer online social communication to compensate for the absence of offline positive feedback (Dickinson and Pincus 2003; Grieve, Lang, and March 2021; Miller et al. 2011; Ronningstam 2009).”
Videler, A. C., & Stringer, B. (2025) · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-3192-5_3
Woodman, T., Roberts, R., Beattie, S., & Manley, H. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)
Watanabe, K., & Hamaguchi, Y. (2025) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.34.2.18
Bahtişen, G. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6334998
Narcissus-the-Scientist: An Alternative Methodology to Examine Narcissists’ Self-Identities
Thackerson, E. K., & Grice, J. W. (2026) · Journal of Constructivist Psychology · doi:10.1080/10720537.2026.2647165
Sanders, C. E., Miller, J. C., Tehrani, K. K. V., & Jenkins, S. R. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08607-z
“…rejection, and prone to feelings of guilt and humiliation; the vulnerable may dislike being the center of attention while also desiring praise and admiration, and may with - draw from situations unlikely to provide the latter (Dick - inson & Pincus, 2003; Pincus et al., 2009; Ronningstam, 2009 ).”
InfluentialBoivin, S.-K., Awada, A., Fruscia, G. L.-D., Cailhol, L., & Gagnon, J. (2026) · Revue québécoise de psychologie · doi:10.7202/1125449ar
Zhang, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1621098
“According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), NPD involves a pervasive pattern of grandiosity and fantasy, a need for admiration/entitlement, a lack of empathy, and socially maladaptive interpersonal regulation (6).”
Kozma, E., Urbán, R., & Engyel, M. (2026) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2026.00190
Narcissism re-framed as a superiority motive: unifying evolutionary and clinical perspectives.
Rourke, K., & Kasinathan, J. (2026) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10398562261477361
Jacob, K. L., & Unruh, B. T. (2026) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000475
“26 The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) found in the DSM-5, Section III reframes the central aspects of personality disorder around self and interpersonal dysfunction, shifting focus away from specific behavioral symptoms.”
Jonathan-Zamir, T., Perry, G., Kaplan‐Damary, N., & Willis, J. J. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-026-09781-1
Mansour, M., Kivity, Y., & Zilcha‐Mano, S. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2738631
Bjornsen, C. A., & Harbaugh, A. G. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0359569
Wang, Q., Vivino, A. A., & Li, R. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-10226-1
“Critically, narcissism is not uniformly maladaptive; it spans both adaptive and pathological forms (Pincus & Lukowitsky, 2010; Ronningstam, 2009 ).”
InfluentialFasold, L., & Caluwé, E. D. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16111987
Metadata
- Authors
- Ronningstam, E.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ronningstam, Elsa
- ORCID
- Ronningstam, Elsa
- Venue
- Psychiatric Annals
- Publisher
- SLACK, Inc.
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 111-121
- ISSN
- 0048-5713 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2456
- OpenAlex
- W2037689350
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 15.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatric Annals (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- narcissistic personality disorder, DSM-5, personality disorders, diagnostic criteria, personality disorder classification
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