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β-Carotene and other carotenoids in protection from sunlight
Open accessAbstract
Protection against skin damage from sunlight by nutritional means has been examined. Likewise, there has been work on the topical application of phytochemicals to the skin. This review focuses on the nutritional aspect of phytochemicals in humans-ie, the provision of carotenoid micronutrients by dietary means to the skin and their role in protection. Human intervention studies have documented protective effects for β-carotene or for lycopene provided either by a carotenoid-rich diet or by supplementation. In exposed tissues, light induces primary and secondary photooxidative processes. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species is considered to be a mechanism of action underlying the protective activity of carotenoids. However, food comprises a complex mixture of numerous constituents, so that other components may also contribute to the observed activity. Molecules with suitable structures absorb UV light and prevent direct damage of cellular targets. Phytoene and phytofluene are precursor molecules of higher unsaturated carotenoids and occur in various fruit and vegetables. Their absorption spectra cover the UVB and UVA range, respectively, thus potentially contributing to photoprotective effects of carotenoid-rich food. Because of the physiologic turnover time of skin, several weeks are required for protective effects to appear. Photoprotection through individual dietary components such as β-carotene or lycopene in terms of sun protection factor is considerably lower than that achieved by using topical sunscreens. However, an optimal supply of antioxidant micronutrients in the skin increases basal dermal defense against UV irradiation, supports longer-term protection, and contributes to maintenance of skin health and appearance.
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“Most studies have found that increasing carotene consumption reduces the severity of ultraviolet-induced erythema (Stahl and Sies 2012).”
From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Stahl and Sies 2012
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“against damage, strengthen the immune system (Eggersdorfer and Wyss 2018) and protect the skin from UV lightinduced damage, sunburn, and skin aging (Kopcke and Krutmann 2008; Stahl and Sies 2012).”
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Current knowledge on the health benefits of carotenoids: Focus on the scientific evidence
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The Antioxidant Ability and Extraction Yield of Beta Carotene
Huang, A., Liu, H., & Pan, Y. (2023) · Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology · doi:10.54097/hset.v58i.10094 · Cited by 7
“It has not only a preventive molecular effect but also an intercepting and repairing effect [14].”
BackgroundWal, P., Vig, H., Khare, R., Wal, A., Tondon, G., Kishore, A., & Kumar, S. (2023) · The Open Medicinal Chemistry Journal · doi:10.2174/18741045-v17-e230916-2023-8 · Cited by 9
Morocho‐Jácome, A. L., Cezare-Gomes, E. A., de Carvalho, J. C. M., Sauce, R., Rosado, C., Velasco, M. V. R., & Baby, A. R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818536-0.00023-3 · Cited by 9
Levaduras adaptadas al frío: el tesoro biotecnológico de la Antártica
González, J., Romero‐Aguilar, L., Matus‐Ortega, G., Pardo, J. P., Flores-Alanis, A., & Segal‐Kischinevzky, C. (2020) · TIP Revista Especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas · doi:10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2020.0.267 · Cited by 7
Nutraceutical Interventions for Mitigating Skin Ageing: Analysis of Mechanisms and Efficacy
Ibrahim, M., Singh, H., Fahim, M., Khan, S., Khan, J., Arun, J. K., Mishra, A. K., Virmani, T., Sharma, A. K., Kumar, G., et al. (2025) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/0113816128336661250218080928 · Cited by 7
Recent advancement on nanotechnology and natural compounds for skin UV protection: a review
Saadh, M. J., Jain, V., Rekha, M. M., Pathak, P. K., Ahmed, H. M., Naidu, K. S., Juneja, B., Sead, F. F., & Dehghanipour, M. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-025-06589-w · Cited by 6
“Carotenoids help shield the skin by absorbing UV, visible, and blue light (Stahl and Sies 2012).”
Systemic photoprotection in 2021
Searle, T., Ali, F. R., & Al‐Niaimi, F. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ced.14697 · Cited by 6
Tarshish, E., Linnewiel‐Hermoni, K., Sharoni, Y., Wertz, P. W., & Dayan, N. (2021) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.14527 · Cited by 7
de Oliveira, A. C., Morocho‐Jácome, A. L., Lima, C. R. R. D. C., Marques, G. D. A., Bispo, M. D. O., de Barros, A. B., Costa, J. G., de Almeida, T. S., Rosado, C., de Carvalho, J. C. M., et al. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821218-9.00010-4 · Cited by 7
So, B., & Kwon, K. H. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15054416 · Cited by 7
Han, Y., Jiang, Q., Gao, H. Y., Fan, J., Wang, Z., Zhong, F., Zheng, Y., Gong, Z., & Wang, C. (2014) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-014-0315-8 · Cited by 6
Gupta, B., Kumar, B., Sharma, A., Sori, D., Sharma, R. N., & Mehta, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_25 · Cited by 6
Tiwari, M., & Tiwari, V. (2018) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.496 · Cited by 5
Effect of dispersed form on the bioavailability of β-carotene from daily intake in humans
Kotake‐Nara, E., & Hase, M. (2020) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/09168451.2020.1803728 · Cited by 5
Molecular Breeding of Sweetpotato Carotenoids
Khan, M. Z., Takemura, M., Maoka, T., Hattan, J., Otani, M., & Misawa, N. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.101849 · Cited by 5
Nutrition and nonmelanoma skin cancers
Stoj, V. J., Shahriari, N., Shao, K., & Feng, H. (2021) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.10.011 · Cited by 5
Taylor, J. H., & Rosen, C. F. (2020) · Current Dermatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s13671-020-00306-1 · Cited by 7
“Although the photoprotection gained through individual dietary components, such as particular vitamins, is significantly lower than that achieved by using topical sunscreen; some have been shown to possibly contribute to the skin’s defence against UV radiation [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialZou, X., Zhao, S., Liu, K., Li, L., Zhang, M., Lu, R., & Fang, C. (2026) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2026.104542 · Cited by 4
Benabdelmoumene, D., Mediani, A., Qadi, W. S. M., Wong, P. L., Dahmouni, S., Bengharbi, Z., Baharum, S. N., & Abas, F. (2026) · Journal of Functional Foods · doi:10.1016/j.jff.2026.107353 · Cited by 4
Freitas, M. V., Afonso, C., Pereira, L., & Mouga, T. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0519-4_13 · Cited by 4
Exploring major fruit coloring pigments: uncovering their biological significance and applications
Muhammad, N., Yang, Z., Wang, L., Liu, Z., Yang, M., & Liu, M. (2025) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2025.9250654 · Cited by 4
Tekeli, H., ŞENSOY, S., & Aşıcı, G. S. E. (2024) · Veterinary Sciences and Practices · doi:10.17094/vetsci.1471422 · Cited by 4
Nutritional abrogation of photoimmunosuppression:in vivoinvestigations
Pilkington, S. M., Gibbs, N. K., Friedmann, P. S., & Rhodes, L. E. (2013) · Photodermatology Photoimmunology & Photomedicine · doi:10.1111/phpp.12091 · Cited by 4
“Stahl & Sies (61)) and UVR damage biomarkers (62), and”
BackgroundReactions and interactions of some food additives
Mercer, D. G., & Rodriguez–Amaya, D. B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817380-0.00012-9 · Cited by 4
Pannu, A. S., & Goyal, R. K. (2024) · Current Bioactive Compounds · doi:10.2174/0115734072312121240822050630 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Stahl, W., & Sies, H.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine (DE)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1179S-1184S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098044919
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- beta-carotene, lycopene, carotenoids, photoprotection, sun protection, dietary supplementation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, phytoene, phytofluene, skin health, antioxidant micronutrients, sunscreen
- MeSH terms
- Carotenoids, Humans, Skin, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, beta Carotene, Sun Protection Factor
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