The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Relative ability of fat and sugar tastes to activate reward, gustatory, and somatosensory regions
Open accessAbstract
Background Although the intake of high-fat and high-sugar food activates mesolimbic reward, gustatory, and oral somatosensory brain regions, contributing to overeating, few studies have examined the relative role of fat and sugar in the activation of these brain regions, which would inform policy, prevention, and treatment interventions designed to reduce obesity.Objective We evaluated the effect of a high-fat or high-sugar equicaloric chocolate milkshake and increasing fat or sugar milkshake content on the activation of these regions.Design Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the neural response to the intake of high-fat/high-sugar, high-fat/low-sugar, low-fat/high-sugar, and low-fat/low-sugar chocolate milkshakes and a tasteless solution in 106 lean adolescents (mean ± SD age = 15.00 ± 0.88 y). Analyses contrasted the activation to the various milkshakes.Results High-fat compared with high-sugar equicaloric milkshakes caused greater activation in the bilateral caudate, postcentral gyrus, hippocampus, and inferior frontal gyrus. High-sugar compared with high-fat equicaloric milkshakes caused greater activation in the bilateral insula extending into the putamen, the Rolandic operculum, and thalamus, which produced large activation regions. Increasing sugar in low-fat milkshakes caused greater activation in the bilateral insula and Rolandic operculum; increasing fat content did not elicit greater activation in any region.Conclusions Fat caused greater activation of the caudate and oral somatosensory regions than did sugar, sugar caused greater activation in the putamen and gustatory regions than did fat, increasing sugar caused greater activity in gustatory regions, and increasing fat did not affect the activation. Results imply that sugar more effectively recruits reward and gustatory regions, suggesting that policy, prevention, and treatment interventions should prioritize reductions in sugar intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as DK092468.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furtheremore, disruptions to these regions in women have been shown to result in hyperphagia 53, 107, 108.”
From History of early life adversity is associated with increased food addiction and sex-specific alterations in reward network connectivity in obesity (2019) · cites this paper as [107]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages
Cox, R. W. (1996) · Computers and Biomedical Research · doi:10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014 · Cited by 10,913
A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm
Ashburner, J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007 · Cited by 8,122
Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1579 · Cited by 3,785
Dopamine, learning and motivation.
Wise, R. A. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1406 · Cited by 3,379
DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD PREFERENCES
Birch, L. L. (1999) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.41 · Cited by 1,757
Behavioral Theories and the Neurophysiology of Reward
Schultz, W. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070229 · Cited by 1,637
TASTE PREFERENCES AND FOOD INTAKE
Drewnowski, A. (1997) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.237 · Cited by 1,045
Kringelbach, M. L. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/13.10.1064 · Cited by 824
Stice, E., Spoor, S., Bohon, C., Veldhuizen, M. G., & Small, D. M. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013600 · Cited by 779
Self-citationRepresentation of Pleasant and Aversive Taste in the Human Brain
O’Doherty, J. P., Rolls, E. T., Francis, S., Bowtell, R. W., & McGlone, F. P. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.3.1315 · Cited by 688
Small, D. M., Jones-Gotman, M., & Dagher, A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00253-2 · Cited by 632
Obesity and the food environment
Drewnowski, A. (2004) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.011 · Cited by 632
Francis, S., Rolls, E. T., Bowtell, R. W., McGlone, F. P., O’Doherty, J. P., Browning, A., Clare, S., & Smith, E. (1999) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199902250-00003 · Cited by 421
Weight Gain Is Associated with Reduced Striatal Response to Palatable Food
Stice, E., Yokum, S., Blum, K., & Bohon, C. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2105-10.2010 · Cited by 401
Self-citationRepresentation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat
de Araujo, I. E., & Rolls, E. T. (2004) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0130-04.2004 · Cited by 365
Taste representation in the human insula
Small, D. M. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0266-9 · Cited by 300
How the Brain Represents the Reward Value of Fat in the Mouth
Fabian Grabenhorst, B., Rolls, E. T., Parris, B. A., & D’Souza, A. (2009) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp169 · Cited by 210
Separable Substrates for Anticipatory and Consummatory Food Chemosensation
Small, D. M., Veldhuizen, M. G., Felsted, J. A., Mak, Y. E., & McGlone, F. P. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.021 · Cited by 190
Verhagen, J. V., Kadohisa, M., & Rolls, E. T. (2004) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00321.2004 · Cited by 189
Taste, olfactory and food texture reward processing in the brain and obesity
Rolls, E. T. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.155 · Cited by 186
Neurons in the primate orbitofrontal cortex respond to fat texture independently of viscosity.
Verhagen, J. V., Rolls, E., & Kadohisa, M. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00320.2003 · Cited by 173
Ng, J., Stice, E. M., Yokum, S., & Bohon, C. (2011) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.03.017 · Cited by 144
Self-citationRole of dietary fat in calorie intake and weight gain
Warwick, Z. S., & Schiffman, S. S. (1992) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(05)80198-8 · Cited by 141
Stice, E. M., Yokum, S., Burger, K., Epstein, L. H., & Smolen, A. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1506-12.2012 · Cited by 136
Self-citationAnimal Models of Sugar and Fat Bingeing: Relationship to Food Addiction and Increased Body Weight
Avena, N. M., Bocarsly, M. E., & Hoebel, B. G. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_23 · Cited by 124
Functional imaging of gustatory perception and imagery: "top-down" processing of gustatory signals
Kobayashi, M., Takeda, M., Hattori, N., Fukunaga, M., Sasabe, T., Inoue, N., Nagai, Y., Sawada, T., Sadato, N., & Watanabe, Y. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.002 · Cited by 106
Kadohisa, M., Verhagen, J. V., & Rolls, E. T. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.12.005 · Cited by 106
Neural substrates for the processing of cognitive and affective aspects of taste in the brain
Yamamoto, T. (2006) · Archivum histologicum japonicum · doi:10.1679/aohc.69.243 · Cited by 102
Midbrain response to milkshake correlates with ad libitum milkshake intake in the absence of hunger
Nolan-Poupart, S., Veldhuizen, M. G., Geha, P., & Small, D. M. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.032 · Cited by 63
An Introduction to the Special Issue
Small, D. M., & Dileone, R. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.007 · Cited by 8
Slow vasomotor fluctuation in fMRI of anesthetized child brain
Kiviniemi, V., Jauhiainen, J., Tervonen, O., P��kk�, E., Oikarinen, J., Vainionp��, V., Rantala, H., & Biswal, B. (2000) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1522-2594(200009)44:3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sugar consumption, metabolic disease and obesity: The state of the controversy
Stanhope, K. L. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408363.2015.1084990 · Cited by 739
Which Foods May Be Addictive? The Roles of Processing, Fat Content, and Glycemic Load
LaFata, E. M., Avena, N. M., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117959 · Cited by 712
Val‐Laillet, D., Aarts, E., Weber, B., Ferrari, M., Quaresima, V., Stoeckel, L. E., Alonso‐Alonso, M., Audette, M. A., Malbert, C., & Stice, E. M. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.03.016 · Cited by 466
Self-citationvon Philipsborn, P., Stratil, J. M., Burns, J., Busert, L. K., Pfadenhauer, L. M., Polus, S., Holzapfel, C., Hauner, H., & Rehfuess, E. A. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012292.pub2 · Cited by 320
Shared and unique mechanisms underlying binge eating disorder and addictive disorders
Schulte, E. M., Grilo, C. M., & Gearhardt, A. N. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.02.001 · Cited by 271
Metadata
- Authors
- Stice, E., Burger, K. S., & Yokum, S.
- Affiliations
- Oregon Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stice, Eric
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1377-1384
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3831532
- OpenAlex
- W2166248476
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 6.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Oregon
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK080760, R01DK080760, R01DK092468, DK092468)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Keywords
- fat taste, sugar taste, food reward, gustatory processing, caudate nucleus, insula, putamen, rolandic operculum, thalamus, hippocampus, adolescents, obesity prevention, sugar-sweetened beverages
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Beverages, Brain Mapping, Caudate Nucleus, Dairy Products, Dietary Fats, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neurons, Oregon, Reward, Sensation, Somatosensory Cortex, Taste, Dietary Sucrose, Taste Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
