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Cited by 44Eating Disorders and BehaviorsFunctional Brain Connectivity StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

History of early life adversity is associated with increased food addiction and sex-specific alterations in reward network connectivity in obesity

Open access
Osadchiy, V., Mayer, E. A., Bhatt, R., Labus, J. S., Gao, L., Kilpatrick, L. A., Liu, C., Tillisch, K. +3 more·2019·Obesity Science & Practice
DOI 10.1002/osp4.362PMC PMC6819979
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Abstract

Summary: Background: Neuroimaging studies have identified obesity‐related differences in the brain's resting state activity. An imbalance between homeostatic and reward aspects of ingestive behaviour may contribute to obesity and food addiction. The interactions between early life adversity (ELA), the reward network and food addiction were investigated to identify obesity and sex‐related differences, which may drive obesity and food addiction. Methods: Functional resting state magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 186 participants (high body mass index [BMI]: ≥25: 53 women and 54 men; normal BMI: 18.50–24.99: 49 women and 30 men). Participants completed questionnaires to assess ELA (Early Traumatic Inventory) and food addiction (Yale Food Addiction Scale). A tripartite network analysis based on graph theory was used to investigate the interaction between ELA, brain connectivity and food addiction. Interactions were determined by computing Spearman rank correlations, thresholded at q < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons. Results: Participants with high BMI demonstrate an association between ELA and food addiction, with reward regions playing a role in this interaction. Among women with high BMI, increased ELA was associated with increased centrality of reward and emotion regulation regions. Men with high BMI showed associations between ELA and food addiction with somatosensory regions playing a role in this interaction. Conclusions: The findings suggest that ELA may alter brain networks, leading to increased vulnerability for food addiction and obesity later in life. These alterations are sex specific and involve brain regions influenced by dopaminergic or serotonergic signalling.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In 186 adults, high BMI was associated with an interaction between early life adversity (ELA), reward-network connectivity, and food addiction, with sex-specific patterns. Women with high BMI showed ELA-related increases in reward and emotion-regulation centrality, whereas men with high BMI showed ELA–food addiction associations involving somatosensory regions.

Key findings

  • High BMI participants (n = 107; 54 men, 53 women) had higher ETI-SR general (p = 0.02), emotional (p = 0.0006), and total (p = 0.00007) scores than normal BMI participants (n = 79; 30 men, 49 women).
  • A diagnostic YFAS score ≥3 was reported by 17.4% of high BMI participants versus 0% of normal BMI participants (p = 0.032); among high BMI participants, 8.0% of men versus 22.7% of women reported a diagnostic YFAS score (p = 0.188).
  • In high BMI, ELA was indirectly associated with food addiction through VTA–SN centrality (ETI physical BC VTA–SN: r = −0.22, p = 0.02; BC VTA–SN–YFAS: r = 0.28, p = 0.02).
  • Women with high BMI showed a positive YFAS–VTA–SN association (BC: r = 0.38, q = 0.04), while men with high BMI showed negative YFAS–VTA–SN associations (DS: r = −0.59, q = 0.009; EC: r = −0.52, q = 0.04); men also showed ELA–food addiction indirect effects through right thalamus (ETI sexual DS right thalamus: r = 0.37, q = 0.02; DS right thalamus–YFAS: r = −0.54, q = 0.01).

Methods

  • Resting-state functional MRI and structural MRI were acquired in 186 right-handed participants aged 18–50; high BMI was defined as ≥25 and normal BMI as 18.50–24.99.
  • Participants completed the Early Traumatic Inventory–Self Report (ETI-SR) for ELA and the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) for food addiction.
  • A tripartite network analysis based on graph theory integrated ELA, food addiction, and functional brain-network centrality metrics; Spearman correlations were computed controlling for age and sex for between-group comparisons and for age for within-sex comparisons, with FDR correction at q < 0.05.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the cross-sectional design prevents causal inference about whether brain changes, ELA, obesity, and food addiction drive one another; it also notes BMI is not an ideal obesity measure and suggests waist–hip ratio or visceral adiposity.
  • The paper states that ETI-SR does not capture age at ELA and may be limited by recall accuracy, and that the original YFAS is based on DSM-IV rather than YFAS 2.0/DSM-5.
  • The paper states that larger samples are needed for subgroup differences and mediation/moderation analyses, and that some trends may reflect limited sample size; it also notes no depression/anxiety assessments and that YFAS results should be interpreted in the context of continuous versus dichotomous scoring.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/osp4.362

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 113 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Among women with high BMI, increased ELA was associated with increased centrality of reward and emotion regulation regions.

    “Among women with high BMI, increased ELA was associated with increased centrality of reward and emotion regulation regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Associations present in one group, which are missing in another, not only differentiate the groups but also indicate potential clues to the functionality of the system.
  • Findingown data

    In high BMI participants, physical ETI score was positively associated with left vlPFC betweenness centrality (r = 0.25144, q = 0.04457).

    “Left vlPFC (InfFGOrp) | Executive control | Betweenness centrality | 0.25144 | 0.01041 | 0.04457 | 104”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Associations present in one group, which are missing in another, not only differentiate the groups but also indicate potential clues to the functionality of the system.
  • Findingown data

    In the normal BMI group, ETI-SR total score was positively associated with centrality of executive control network regions (left dlPFC, bilateral OFG, bilateral mPFC).

    “Only the normal BMI group showed numerous positive associations between ETI‐SR total score and centrality of brain regions in the executive control network: left dlPFC (EC: r = 0.30, q = 0.02), bilateral OFG (EC left: r = 0.34, q = 0.02; EC right: r = 0.37, q = 0.003) and bilateral mPFC (EC left: r = 0.26, q = 0.049; EC right: r = 0.39, q = 0.003).”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “Participants with normal BMI showed positive associations between ELA and centrality of executive control regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the high BMI group, ETI-SR physical was positively associated with centrality of right putamen (somatosensory).

    “In contrast, the high BMI group showed a positive association between ETI‐SR physical and centrality of a different region of the somatosensory network: right putamen (BC: r = 0.26, q = 0.02).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Men with high BMI showed associations between ELA and food addiction with somatosensory regions playing a role in this interaction.

    “Men with high BMI showed associations between ELA and food addiction with somatosensory regions playing a role in this interaction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Associations present in one group, which are missing in another, not only differentiate the groups but also indicate potential clues to the functionality of the system.
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 45
  • May combine two claims. 38

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In high BMI participants, physical ETI score was positively associated with right putamen betweenness centrality (r = 0.25644, q = 0.01786).

    “Right putamen | Somatosensory | Betweenness centrality | 0.25644 | 0.00893 | 0.01786 | 104”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Associations present in one group, which are missing in another, not only differentiate the groups but also indicate potential clues to the functionality of the system.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    A total of 8.0% of men with high BMI reported a diagnostic YFAS score, compared with 22.7% of women with high BMI (p = 0.188).

    “A total of 8.0% of men with high BMI reported a diagnostic YFAS score, compared with 22.7% of women with high BMI (p = 0.188).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants with high BMI demonstrate an association between ELA and food addiction, with reward regions playing a role in this interaction.

    “Participants with high BMI demonstrate an association between ELA and food addiction, with reward regions playing a role in this interaction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Associations present in one group, which are missing in another, not only differentiate the groups but also indicate potential clues to the functionality of the system.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants with high BMI reported higher scores on ETI‐SR general (p = 0.02), emotional (p = 0.0006) and total (p = 0.00007).

    “Participants with high BMI reported higher scores on ETI‐SR general (p = 0.02), emotional (p = 0.0006) and total (p = 0.00007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although there were no significant differences in YFAS scores among the groups, men and women with high BMI, on average, showed higher scores than men and women with normal BMI (4.00 and 3.98 vs. 1.70 and 2.29, respectively).

    “Although there were no significant differences in YFAS scores among the groups, men and women with high BMI, on average, showed higher scores than men and women with normal BMI (4.00 and 3.98 vs. 1.70 and 2.29, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were no significant differences in subjective socio‐economic status among any of the groups.

    “There were no significant differences in subjective socio‐economic status among any of the groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Both men and women with high BMI showed positive associations between ETI-SR and centrality of emotion regulation regions (bilateral ACC, left subgenual ACC, left amygdala).

    “Similarly, both groups also showed positive associations between ETI‐SR and centrality of emotion regulation regions: bilateral ACC (women | ETI‐SR emotional: EC left: r = 0.29, q = 0.04; EC right: r = 0.31, q = 0.03), left subgenual ACC (women | ETI‐SR emotional: EC: r = 0.30, q = 0.04) and left amygdala (men | ETI‐SR general: BC: r = 0.34, q = 0.049).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Women with high BMI showed a negative association between YFAS and centrality of left vlPFC, while men with high BMI showed positive associations between YFAS and centrality of left vlPFC and left OFG.

    “Women showed a negative association between YFAS and centrality of left vlPFC (BC: r = −0.31, q = 0.03). In contrast, men group showed positive associations between YFAS and centrality of the same executive control region (BC: r = 0.51, q = 0.04) and left OFG (BC: r = 0.49, q = 0.04).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Women with high BMI showed a positive association between YFAS and centrality of VTA-SN, while men with high BMI showed negative associations between YFAS and centrality of VTA-SN.

    “Women showed a positive association between YFAS and centrality of VTA–SN (BC: r = 0.38, q = 0.04), while men showed negative associations between YFAS and centrality of the same reward region (DS: r = −0.59, q = 0.009; EC: r = −0.52, q = 0.04).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Women with high BMI showed positive associations with ELA and centrality of reward and emotional regulation regions and with food addiction.

    “Women with high BMI showed positive associations with ELA and centrality of reward and emotional regulation regions and with food addiction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A history of ELA can have a sustained impact on the integrity and function of the brain, with brain regions associated with emotional regulation, cognitive modulation and feeding behaviours frequently implicated.

    “Evidence from neuroimaging studies suggests that a history of ELA can have a sustained impact on the integrity and function of the brain 9, 10, 11, 12, with brain regions associated with emotional regulation, cognitive modulation and feeding behaviours frequently implicated 12, 13, 14, 15, 16.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [9] Saleh A, Potter GG, McQuoid DR, et al. Effects of early life stress on depression, cognitive performance and brain morphology. Psychol Med 2017 Jan; 47: 171– 181. 27682320 PMC5195852 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Cohen RA, Grieve S, Hoth KF, et al. Early life stress and morphometry of the adult anterior cingulate cortex and caudate nuclei. Biol Psychiatry 2006 May 15; 59: 975– 982. 16616722 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Acosta JR, et al. Early adverse life events are associated with altered brain network architecture in a sex‐dependent manner. Neurobiol Stress 2017 Dec; 7: 16– 26. 28239631 PMC5318542 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Heany SJ, Groenewold NA, Uhlmann A, Dalvie S, Stein DJ, Brooks SJ. The neural correlates of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores in adults: a meta‐analysis and review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Dev Psychopathol 2017 Dec; 11: 1– 11. 29224580

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Marusak HA, Thomason ME, Peters C, Zundel C, Elrahal F, Rabinak CA. You say ‘prefrontal cortex’ and I say ‘anterior cingulate’: meta‐analysis of spatial overlap in amygdala‐to‐prefrontal connectivity and internalizing symptomology. Transl Psychiatry 2016 Nov 8; 6: e944. 27824358 PMC5314129 source

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    • cites [15] Berens AE, Jensen SKG, Nelson CA 3rd. Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications. BMC Med 2017 Jul 20; 15: 135. 28724431 PMC5518144 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Teicher MH, Anderson CM, Ohashi K, Polcari A. Childhood maltreatment: altered network centrality of cingulate, precuneus, temporal pole and insula. Biol Psychiatry 2014 Aug 15; 76: 297– 305. 24209775 PMC4258110 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Salience and emotion regulation brain networks are especially susceptible to topological restructuring associated with ELAs.

    “Furthermore, salience and emotion regulation brain networks are especially susceptible to topological restructuring associated with ELAs 11.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Acosta JR, et al. Early adverse life events are associated with altered brain network architecture in a sex‐dependent manner. Neurobiol Stress 2017 Dec; 7: 16– 26. 28239631 PMC5318542 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    All but two of 63 participants who underwent bariatric surgery reported a history of adverse childhood experience.

    “An additional study found that all but two of 63 participants who underwent bariatric surgery reported a history of adverse childhood experience 7.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Fink K, Ross CA. Adverse childhood experiences in a post‐bariatric surgery psychiatric inpatient sample. Obes Surg 2017 Dec; 27: 3253– 3257. 28593483 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Early life adversity experiences can become biologically embedded and lead to cognitive, emotional, somatic and behavioural problems in adulthood.

    “Early life adversity experiences can become biologically embedded and lead to cognitive, emotional, somatic and behavioural problems in adulthood 8.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] Thomason ME, Marusak HA. Toward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain. Neuroscience 2017 Feb 7; 342: 55– 67. 26892294 PMC4985495 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A history of childhood abuse (physical, emotional, sexual or general) is significantly associated with greater odds of adulthood obesity, and the odds of obesity increased depending on the severity and number of types of abuse.

    “As highlighted by a recent meta‐analysis, a history of childhood abuse (physical, emotional, sexual or general) is significantly associated with greater odds of adulthood obesity, and the odds of obesity increased depending on the severity and number of types of abuse 5.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Hemmingsson E, Johansson K, Reynisdottir S. Effects of childhood abuse on adult obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obes Rev 2014 Nov; 15: 882– 893. 25123205 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women with obesity report higher food addiction behaviours, cravings, comorbidity and reward sensitivity than men with obesity.

    “For example, women with obesity report higher food addiction behaviours, cravings, comorbidity and reward sensitivity than men with obesity 33, 34, 35.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [33] Loxton NJ, Tipman RJ. Reward sensitivity and food addiction in women. Appetite 2017 Aug 1; 115: 28– 35. 27756640 source

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      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal reliability for the study sample for YFAS was α = 0.73.

    “The internal reliability for the study sample for YFAS was α = 0.73.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    A temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio of 50.4 is at least comparable with that in many published large‐scale studies.

    “A temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio of 50.4 is at least comparable with that in many published large‐scale studies 70.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] Adhikari BM, Jahanshad N, Shukla D, et al. A resting state fMRI analysis pipeline for pooling inference across diverse cohorts: an ENIGMA rs‐fMRI protocol. Brain Imaging Behav 2018 Sep 6. 10.1007/s1168 PMC6401353 30191514 source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Study design and conductcitation

    Each ETI‐SR subscale has good reliability (α = 0.70-0.87) and validity (r = 0.32-0.44).

    “Each ETI‐SR subscale has good reliability (α = 0.70–0.87) and validity (r = 0.32–0.44) 63.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Bremner JD, Bolus R, Mayer EA. Psychometric properties of the Early Trauma Inventory – Self Report. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007 Mar; 195: 211– 218. 17468680 PMC3229091 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The YFAS has displayed a good internal reliability α = 0.86.

    “The YFAS has displayed a good internal reliability α = 0.86 61.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite 2009 Apr; 52: 430– 436. 19121351 source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Individuals who are overweight demonstrate increased centrality between reward network regions and regions of the executive control, emotional regulation and somatosensory networks.

    “Previous work has shown that individuals who are overweight demonstrate increased centrality between reward network regions and regions of the executive control, emotional regulation and somatosensory networks 41;”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Sanmiguel CP, et al. Patterns of brain structural connectivity differentiate normal weight from overweight subjects. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7: 506– 517. 25737959 PMC4338207 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Disruptions to these brain networks may override homeostatic needs and drive the overconsumption of highly palatable foods.

    “Disruptions to these brain networks may override homeostatic needs and drive the overconsumption of highly palatable foods 25, 26.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Sato W, Sawada R, Kubota Y, Toichi M, Fushiki T. Homeostatic modulation on unconscious hedonic responses to food. BMC Res Notes 2017 Oct 26; 10: 511. 29073920 PMC5658914 source

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    Premisecitation

    Adversity during childhood, a key neurodevelopmental period, may disrupt neuronal growth by making stress‐sensitive brain circuits vulnerable to the effects of glucocorticoids, inflammatory cytokines and excitatory microbial metabolites.

    “One theory posits that adversity during childhood, a key neurodevelopmental period, may disrupt neuronal growth by making stress‐sensitive brain circuits vulnerable to the effects of glucocorticoids, inflammatory cytokines and excitatory microbial metabolites 15, 23.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Berens AE, Jensen SKG, Nelson CA 3rd. Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications. BMC Med 2017 Jul 20; 15: 135. 28724431 PMC5518144 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] Raymond C, Marin MF, Majeur D, Lupien S. Early child adversity and psychopathology in adulthood: HPA axis and cognitive dysregulations as potential mechanisms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018 Jul 13; 85: 152– 160. 28751271 source

      Not checked in the free run.

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    Premisecitation

    Striking sex differences have been observed in eating behaviours and food cravings, resulting in an increased risk for obesity.

    “Furthermore, striking sex differences have been observed in eating behaviours and food cravings, resulting in an increased risk for obesity 30, 31, 32.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [30] Lalitha V, Pal GK, Pal P, Parija SC, Murugaiyan SB. Gender difference in the role of posterodorsal amygdala on the regulation of food intake, adiposity and immunological responses in albino Wistar rats. Annal Neurosci 2016 Mar; 23: 6– 12. PMC4934414 27536016 source

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    • cites [31] Hallam J, Boswell RG, DeVito EE, Kober H. Gender‐related differences in food craving and obesity. Yale J Biol Med 2016 Jun; 89: 161– 173. 27354843 PMC4918881

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      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Lowering of CNS serotonin by acute tryptophan depletion resulted in increased sweet calorie intake and a heightened preference for sweet foods in overweight but not normal weight individuals.

    “For example, a study of 55 women showed that lowering of CNS serotonin by acute tryptophan depletion resulted in increased sweet calorie intake and a heightened preference for sweet foods in overweight but not normal weight individuals 24.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Pagoto SL, Spring B, McChargue D, et al. Acute tryptophan depletion and sweet food consumption by overweight adults. Eat Behav 2009 Jan; 10: 36– 41. 19171315 PMC2663793 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Neuroimaging studies have identified some of the brain mechanisms associated with obesity and food addiction, demonstrating alterations in the core reward network (e.g. nucleus accumbens) and the extended reward network (i.e. emotion regulation, executive control, salience and somatosensory networks).

    “Neuroimaging studies have identified some of the brain mechanisms associated with obesity and food addiction 39, 40, demonstrating alterations in the core reward network (e.g. nucleus accumbens) and the extended reward network (i.e. emotion regulation, executive control, salience and somatosensory networks) 41, 42, 43.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [39] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Baler RD. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci 2011 Jan; 15: 37– 46. 21109477 PMC3124340 source

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    • cites [40] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps. Obes Rev 2013 Jan; 14: 2– 18. 23016694 PMC4827343 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Sanmiguel CP, et al. Patterns of brain structural connectivity differentiate normal weight from overweight subjects. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7: 506– 517. 25737959 PMC4338207 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] Stice E, Figlewicz DP, Gosnell BA, Levine AS, Pratt WE. The contribution of brain reward circuits to the obesity epidemic. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013 Nov; 37: 2047– 2058. 23237885 PMC3604128 source

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    • cites [43] Lee PC, Dixon JB. Food for thought: reward mechanisms and hedonic overeating in obesity. Curr Obes Rep 2017 Dec; 6: 353– 361. 29052153 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The average temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio was 50.4, as assessed by the MRIQC toolbox.

    “The average temporal signal‐to‐noise ratio was 50.4, as assessed by the MRIQC toolbox 69.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Esteban O, Birman D, Schaer M, Koyejo OO, Poldrack RA, Gorgolewski KJ. MRIQC: advancing the automatic prediction of image quality in MRI from unseen sites. PLoS ONE 2017; 12: e0184661. 28945803 PMC5612458 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is evidence to suggest a role for changes in the brain's serotonergic signalling by ELA and that these alterations may contribute to obesity and food addiction.

    “There is also evidence to suggest a role for changes in the brain's serotonergic signalling by ELA and that these alterations may contribute to obesity and food addiction 15.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Berens AE, Jensen SKG, Nelson CA 3rd. Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications. BMC Med 2017 Jul 20; 15: 135. 28724431 PMC5518144 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The internal reliability for the study sample for the ETI‐SR total scale was α = 0.70.

    “The internal reliability for the study sample for the ETI‐SR total scale was α = 0.70.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The overweight and obese brain shows similar alterations in reward networks of the brain.

    “Previous work has shown that the overweight and obese brain shows similar alterations in reward networks of the brain 41.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Sanmiguel CP, et al. Patterns of brain structural connectivity differentiate normal weight from overweight subjects. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7: 506– 517. 25737959 PMC4338207 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    All participants provided written informed consent.

    “All participants provided written informed consent.”
    • Also stated in: § Research involving human participants and informed consent · plain
      “All participants provided written informed consent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Results were adjusted for multiple testing using a false discovery rate of 5% and thresholded for significance at an adjusted p of q < 0.05.

    “Results were adjusted for multiple testing using a false discovery rate of 5% and thresholded for significance at an adjusted p of q < 0.05.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These alterations are sex specific and involve brain regions influenced by dopaminergic or serotonergic signalling.

    “These alterations are sex specific and involve brain regions influenced by dopaminergic or serotonergic signalling.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Associations present in one group, which are missing in another, not only differentiate the groups but also indicate potential clues to the functionality of the system.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    aCompCor has been shown to be particularly effective for dealing with residual motion relative to other methods.

    “Although the influence of head motion cannot be completely removed, aCompCor has been shown to be particularly effective for dealing with residual motion relative to other methods 78.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Ciric R, Wolf DH, Power JD, et al. Benchmarking of participant‐level confound regression strategies for the control of motion artifact in studies of functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2017 Jul 1; 154: 174– 187. 28302591 PMC5483393 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Participants with hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia, substance abuse, tobacco dependence and psychiatric illnesses were excluded to minimize confounding effects.

    “Participants with hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia, substance abuse, tobacco dependence and psychiatric illnesses were excluded to minimize confounding effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    All procedures complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Institutional Review Board at UCLA's Office of Protection for Research Participants.

    “All procedures complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Institutional Review Board at UCLA's Office of Protection for Research Participants.”
    • Also stated in: § Research involving human participants and informed consent · plain
      “All procedures complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Institutional Review Board at UCLA's Office of Protection for Research Participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Spearman correlations were computed between all data types controlling for age and sex for between disease group comparisons and for age for within sex comparisons.

    “Spearman correlations were computed between all data types controlling for age and sex for between disease group comparisons and for age for within sex comparisons in matlab version R2015b.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Only women who were in premenopausal with regular menstrual cycles and who were scanned during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles were included in this study.

    “Because female sex hormones such as oestrogen are known to affect brain structure and function, only women who were in premenopausal with regular menstrual cycles and who were scanned during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (i.e. 4–12 d after the first day of the last menstrual period) were included in this study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Female sex hormones such as oestrogen affect brain structure and function.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Alterations in reward and emotion regulation regions have been previously demonstrated in individuals with obesity.

    “Alterations in reward and emotion regulation regions have been previously demonstrated in individuals with obesity 41, 56, 57.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [41] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Sanmiguel CP, et al. Patterns of brain structural connectivity differentiate normal weight from overweight subjects. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7: 506– 517. 25737959 PMC4338207 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [56] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Hamadani K, et al. Sex differences in the influence of body mass index on anatomical architecture of brain networks. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017 Aug; 41: 1185– 1195. 28360430 PMC5548596 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Labus JS, et al. Sex commonalities and differences in obesity‐related alterations in intrinsic brain activity and connectivity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018 Feb; 26: 340– 350. 29280306 PMC5783781 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The extended reward system involves regions associated with salience and cortical inhibition (prefrontal control) networks.

    “The extended reward system involves regions associated with salience and cortical inhibition (prefrontal control) networks 39, 89, 90, 91.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [39] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Baler RD. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci 2011 Jan; 15: 37– 46. 21109477 PMC3124340 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [89] Mayer EA. Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut–brain communication. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011 Aug; 12: 453– 466. 21750565 PMC3845678 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [90] Kenny PJ. Reward mechanisms in obesity: new insights and future directions. Neuron 2011 Feb 24; 69: 664– 679. 21338878 PMC3057652 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    BMI-related differences are influenced by sex; women with high BMI showed positive associations between ELA and centrality of reward regions, emotion regulation regions and food addiction scores.

    “BMI‐related differences are influenced by sex; women with high BMI showed positive associations between ELA and centrality of reward regions, emotion regulation regions and food addiction scores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The nucleus accumbens is a central part of the dopamine system, regulating reward sensitivity and controlling processes underlying food intake and food addiction.

    “The nucleus accumbens is a central part of the dopamine system, regulating reward sensitivity and controlling processes underlying food intake and food addiction 39.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Baler RD. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci 2011 Jan; 15: 37– 46. 21109477 PMC3124340 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Individuals with high BMI had positive associations of ELA with centrality of emotion regulation regions, accompanied by increased food addiction scores.

    “Individuals with high BMI had positive associations of ELA with centrality of emotion regulation regions; these associations were accompanied by increased food addiction scores.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    These results support the hypothesis that ELA events during childhood may alter connectivity of brain regions in the extended reward network, perhaps contributing to increased vulnerability for food addiction and obesity in adulthood, with these vulnerabilities differing by sex.

    “These results support the hypothesis that ELA events during childhood may alter connectivity of brain regions in the extended reward network, perhaps contributing to increased vulnerability for food addiction and obesity in adulthood, with these vulnerabilities differing by sex.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A less responsive dopamine system leads to a greater propensity towards obesity, similar to other addictive disorders.

    “Similar to other addictive disorders in which perturbations in brain regions within the core and extended reward networks have been reported, a less responsive dopamine system leads to a greater propensity towards obesity 40, 85, 86, 87, 88.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [40] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps. Obes Rev 2013 Jan; 14: 2– 18. 23016694 PMC4827343 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [85] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F. Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology. Philos T R Soc B 2008 Oct 12; 363: 3191– 3200. PMC2607335 18640912 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [86] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. The addictive dimensionality of obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2013 May 1; 73: 811– 818. 23374642 PMC4827347 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The reward deficiency model suggests that in obesity, decreased dopamine signalling in the striatum reinforces the rewarding properties of food and disrupts corticostriatal communication between the basal ganglia and the extended reward system.

    “The reward deficiency model suggests that in obesity, the presence of decreased dopamine signalling in the striatum reinforces the rewarding properties of food and disrupts corticostriatal communication between the basal ganglia (core reward) and the extended reward system 83, 84.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [83] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, et al. Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: possible contributing factors. Neuroimage 2008 Oct 1; 42: 1537– 1543. 18598772 PMC2659013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [84] Gaiser EC, Gallezot JD, Worhunsky PD, et al. Elevated dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in obese individuals: a PET imaging study with [11C](+)PHNO. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016 Dec; 41: 3042– 3050. 27374277 PMC5101552 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ELA (general) may not be as severe or personal in nature as other ELAs and may actually serve as a source of increased resilience.

    “ELA (general) may not be as severe or personal in nature as other ELAs and may actually serve as a source of increased resilience 11.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [11] Gupta A, Mayer EA, Acosta JR, et al. Early adverse life events are associated with altered brain network architecture in a sex‐dependent manner. Neurobiol Stress 2017 Dec; 7: 16– 26. 28239631 PMC5318542 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Participants with high BMI (high BMI group and men with high BMI) showed associations between food addiction and other, non-general ELAs (physical and sexual), perhaps reflecting the more deleterious nature of these ELAs.

    “Participants with high BMI (high BMI group and men with high BMI) showed associations between food addiction and other, non‐general ELAs (physical and sexual), perhaps reflecting the more deleterious nature of these ELAs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Participants with normal BMI showed associations between food addiction and ELA (general), reflecting associations that may be protective.

    “Participants with normal BMI showed associations between food addiction and ELA (general), reflecting associations that may be protective.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The basal ganglia are involved in a range of learning behaviours related to the anticipation and motivation associated with ingestive behaviours.

    “The basal ganglia are involved in a range of learning behaviours related to the anticipation and motivation associated with ingestive behaviours 39, 104, 105.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [39] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Baler RD. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci 2011 Jan; 15: 37– 46. 21109477 PMC3124340 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [104] Balleine BW, Delgado MR, Hikosaka O. The role of the dorsal striatum in reward and decision‐making. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 2007 Aug 1; 27: 8161– 8165. PMC6673072 17670959 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [105] Haber SN, Knutson B. The reward circuit: linking primate anatomy and human imaging. Neuropsychopharmacol Off Publ Am College Neuropsychopharmacol 2010 Jan; 35: 4– 26. PMC3055449 19812543 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Food addiction has been implicated in obesity as a result of alterations in the extended reward network; the somatosensory network represents an important component of the extended reward network, playing a key role in interoceptive and sensory awareness and generating appropriate motor responses.

    “Food addiction has been implicated in obesity as a result of alterations in the extended reward network 39, 40, 94; the somatosensory network represents an important component of the extended reward network, playing a key role in interoceptive and sensory awareness and generating appropriate motor responses 41, 100, 101.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [39] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Baler RD. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci 2011 Jan; 15: 37– 46. 21109477 PMC3124340 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps. Obes Rev 2013 Jan; 14: 2– 18. 23016694 PMC4827343 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Volkow ND, Baler RD. NOW vs LATER brain circuits: implications for obesity and addiction. Trends Neurosci 2015 Jun; 38: 345– 352. 25959611 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    ELA may contribute to disruptions in the topology of these brain regions and increase vulnerability to develop food addiction, relative to changes seen in obesity alone.

    “ELA may contribute to disruptions in the topology of these brain regions and increase vulnerability to develop food addiction, relative to changes seen in obesity alone.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    In addition to obesity, ELA plays a role in alterations in the extended reward regions, which are associated with food addiction.

    “Although causality remains to be determined, these findings suggest that in addition to obesity, ELA plays a role in alterations in the extended reward regions, which are associated with food addiction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Individuals with a history of general ELA (as opposed to physical or sexual) may be more likely to translate these experiences into adulthood resiliency, which may explain the potentially protective nature of these experiences.

    “Individuals with a history of general ELA (as opposed to physical or sexual) may be more likely to translate these experiences into adulthood resiliency, which may explain the potentially protective nature of these experiences 103.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [103] Kentner AC, Cryan JF, Brummelte S. Resilience priming: translational models for understanding resiliency and adaptation to early life adversity. Dev Psychobiol 2019 Apr; 61: 350– 375. 30311210 PMC6447439 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In obesity, the salience network integrates salient information to make decisions regarding food intake and, together with the executive control network, inhibits reward impulses.

    “In obesity, the salience network integrates salient information to make decisions regarding food intake 92, 93, 94, 95 and, together with the executive control network, inhibits reward impulses 96, 97.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [92] Morrow JD, Maren S, Robinson TE. Individual variation in the propensity to attribute incentive salience to an appetitive cue predicts the propensity to attribute motivational salience to an aversive cue. Behav Brain Res 2011 Jun 20; 220: 238– 243. 21316397 PMC3073129 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [93] Garcia‐Garcia I, Jurado MA, Garolera M, et al. Alterations of the salience network in obesity: a resting‐state fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2013 Nov; 34: 2786– 2797. 22522963 PMC6870073 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Volkow ND, Baler RD. NOW vs LATER brain circuits: implications for obesity and addiction. Trends Neurosci 2015 Jun; 38: 345– 352. 25959611 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    These findings may reflect reduced dopamine signalling in the thalamus and perhaps the striatum as a whole, which has been associated with reinforcing the rewarding properties of food and, in individuals with high BMI but not normal BMI, with increased metabolism in somatosensory cortical regions.

    “These findings may reflect reduced dopamine signalling in the thalamus and perhaps the striatum as a whole, which has been associated with reinforcing the rewarding properties of food and, in individuals with high BMI but not normal BMI, with increased metabolism in somatosensory cortical regions 83.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [83] Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, et al. Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: possible contributing factors. Neuroimage 2008 Oct 1; 42: 1537– 1543. 18598772 PMC2659013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Data from numerous studies have demonstrated notable sex differences in stress-induced cortisol levels.

    “Although at times conflicting, data from numerous studies have demonstrated notable sex differences with respect to stress‐induced cortisol levels 116, 117, 118.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [116] Uhart M, Chong RY, Oswald L, Lin PI, Wand GS. Gender differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006 Jun; 31: 642– 652. 16616815 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [117] Kudielka BM, Kirschbaum C. Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: a review. Biol Psychol 2005 Apr; 69: 113– 132. 15740829 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [118] Bangasser DA, Valentino RJ. Sex differences in stress‐related psychiatric disorders: neurobiological perspectives. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014 Aug; 35: 303– 319. 24726661 PMC4087049 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Men consume larger bite sizes and chew faster and more forcefully compared with women.

    “On the other hand, men consume larger bite sizes and chew faster and more forcefully compared with women 32.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Park S, Shin WS. Differences in eating behaviors and masticatory performances by gender and obesity status. Physiol Behav 2015 Jan; 138: 69– 74. 25447481 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The cross-sectional nature of the study did not enable the authors to address questions of causality between the observed brain changes, clinical/behavioural outcomes, self-reported ELA and obesity.

    “The cross‐sectional nature of the study did not enable us to address questions of causality between the observed brain changes, clinical/behavioural outcomes, self‐reported ELA and obesity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Sex-specific interactions between ELA, brain connectivity and food addiction behaviours may result from differential activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

    “Alternatively, the sex‐specific interactions between ELA, brain connectivity and food addiction behaviours may be a result of differential activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    ETI-SR may be limited by recall accuracy.

    “ETI‐SR may also be limited by recall accuracy; future, long‐term longitudinal studies would likely more accurately reflect ELA that may be missed with self‐report questionnaires.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Serotonergic neurons in the midbrain differentiate early during CNS development, with sex differences in the rat brain serotonergic system established as early as the second postnatal week, likely mediated by intracellular oestrogen receptors.

    “It is also important to note that serotonergic neurons in the midbrain differentiate early during CNS development, with sex differences in the serotonergic system of the rat brain established as early as the second postnatal week, likely mediated by intracellular oestrogen receptors 113, 114.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [113] Jarzab B, Dohler KD. Serotoninergic influences on sexual differentiation of the rat brain. Prog Brain Res 1984; 61: 119– 126. 6241317 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [114] McEwen BS, Alves SE. Estrogen actions in the central nervous system. Endocr Rev 1999 Jun; 20: 279– 307. 10368772 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women report more trait-related and state-related cravings and find it more difficult to cognitively regulate or restrain food cravings.

    “Additionally, women report more trait‐related and state‐related cravings, finding it more difficult to cognitively regulate or restrain food cravings 31, 32.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Hallam J, Boswell RG, DeVito EE, Kober H. Gender‐related differences in food craving and obesity. Yale J Biol Med 2016 Jun; 89: 161– 173. 27354843 PMC4918881

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Park S, Shin WS. Differences in eating behaviors and masticatory performances by gender and obesity status. Physiol Behav 2015 Jan; 138: 69– 74. 25447481 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These ingestive patterns could translate to women eating more often and men consuming larger meals in response to ELA.

    “These ingestive patterns could translate to women eating more often and men consuming larger meals in response to ELA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with men with high BMI, women with high BMI report higher food addiction behaviours, cravings, comorbidity, reward sensitivity and repeated unsuccessful attempts to maintain weight loss.

    “Compared with men with high BMI, women with high BMI report higher food addiction behaviours, cravings, comorbidity, reward sensitivity and repeated unsuccessful attempts to maintain weight loss 33, 34, 35.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [33] Loxton NJ, Tipman RJ. Reward sensitivity and food addiction in women. Appetite 2017 Aug 1; 115: 28– 35. 27756640 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Ruddock HK, Dickson JM, Field M, Hardman CA. Eating to live or living to eat? Exploring the causal attributions of self‐perceived food addiction. Appetite 2015 Dec; 95: 262– 268. 26206173 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Jastreboff AM, Gaiser EC, Gu P, Sinha R. Sex differences in the association between dietary restraint, insulin resistance and obesity. Eat Behav 2014 Apr; 15: 286– 290. 24854820 PMC4032476 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women crave sweets such as chocolates, while men crave savoury foods.

    “For example, women crave sweets such as chocolates, while men crave savoury foods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Hallam J, Boswell RG, DeVito EE, Kober H. Gender‐related differences in food craving and obesity. Yale J Biol Med 2016 Jun; 89: 161– 173. 27354843 PMC4918881

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Park S, Shin WS. Differences in eating behaviors and masticatory performances by gender and obesity status. Physiol Behav 2015 Jan; 138: 69– 74. 25447481 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    These developmental sex differences may set the stage for enhanced corticolimbic responsiveness to emotional stimuli in women.

    “These developmental sex differences may set the stage for enhanced corticolimbic responsiveness to emotional stimuli in women 115.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [115] Domes G, Schulze L, Bottger M, et al. The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2010 May; 31: 758– 769. 19957268 PMC6871188 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Sex differences may not represent exclusively fundamental biological differences, as hedonic food intake may also be influenced by cultural differences in societal expectations from men and women.

    “It is important to note, though, that sex differences may not represent exclusively fundamental biological differences, as hedonic food intake may also be influenced by cultural differences in societal expectations from men and women 119, 120.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [119] Estima CC, Bruening M, Hannan PJ, et al. A cross‐cultural comparison of eating behaviors and home food environmental factors in adolescents from São Paulo (Brazil) and Saint Paul – Minneapolis (US). J Nutr Educ Behav 2014 Sep‐Oct; 46: 370– 375. 24656651 PMC4372846 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [120] Pollard J, Kirk SF, Cade JE. Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake: a review. Nutr Res Rev 2002 Dec; 15: 373– 387. 19087412 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    ETI-SR does not capture the age at which ELA occurs.

    “To measure ELA, ETI‐SR was used, which does not capture the age at which the ELA occurs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Various trends in the data were observed, and some may be due to a limited sample size, especially with respect to subgroup differences.

    “Although various trends in the data were observed, some of these trends may be due to a limited sample size, especially with respect to subgroup differences.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These findings may have implications for more effective, sex-specific and behavioural treatments for obesity, especially for individuals whose obesity may be driven primarily by food addiction.

    “These findings may have implications for more effective, sex‐specific and behavioural treatments for obesity, especially for individuals whose obesity may be driven primarily by food addiction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Systemic inflammatory markers and metabolites such as those derived from the gut microbiota have been associated with obesity and food addiction.

    “As systemic inflammatory markers 123 and metabolites such as those derived from the gut microbiota have been associated with obesity and food addiction, future mechanistic studies that integrate these mediators are also of value.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Monteiro R, Azevedo I. Chronic inflammation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010. PMC2913796 20706689 source

      Not checked in the free run.

72 of 72

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Associations present in one group, which are missing in another, not only differentiate the groups but also indicate potential clues to the functionality of the system.

    “The analysis presumes that associations present in one group, which are missing in another, not only differentiate the groups but also indicate potential clues to the functionality of the system; this approach has been used previously 58, 82.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Food addiction is driven by the interactions of dopaminergic pathways with other central nervous system networks, such as those involving the hypothalamus.

    “Food addiction is driven by the interactions of dopaminergic pathways with other central nervous system (CNS) networks, such as those involving the hypothalamus.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Female sex hormones such as oestrogen affect brain structure and function.

    “Because female sex hormones such as oestrogen are known to affect brain structure and function, only women who were in premenopausal with regular menstrual cycles and who were scanned during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (i.e. 4–12 d after the first day of the last menstrual period) were included in this study.”
3 of 3

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Reported significant total-adversity difference conflicts with Table 2

    Major

    The results report p = 0.00007 for the high-versus-normal BMI ETI-SR total score difference, whereas Table 2 reports p = 0.153.

  • Reported significant general-trauma difference conflicts with Table 2

    Major

    The results report a significant high-versus-normal BMI difference in the ETI-SR general score at p = 0.02, whereas Table 2 reports p = 0.769 for that comparison.

  • Reported significant emotional-abuse difference conflicts with Table 2

    Major

    The results report p = 0.0006 for the high-versus-normal BMI emotional score difference, but Table 2 reports p = 0.179.

  • Normal-BMI range includes a participant below the stated lower limit

    Minor

    The abstract defines the normal-BMI group as 18.50-24.99, but the results give a minimum BMI of 17.90 for that group.

  • Salience associations called positive are negative

    Minor

    The sentence calls the male salience-region associations with YFAS positive, but both anterior mid-cingulate correlations it reports are negative.

5 of 5

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 134 · Cited by 44

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. 10.1098/rstb.2008.0107 · DOI · Paper page

Authors
Osadchiy, V., Mayer, E. A., Bhatt, R., Labus, J. S., Gao, L., Kilpatrick, L. A., Liu, C., Tillisch, K., Naliboff, B., Chang, L., & Gupta, A.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Gupta, A.
ORCID
Venue
Obesity Science & Practice
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2019-08-30
Volume
5
Issue
5
Pages
416-436
ISSN
2055-2238 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1002/osp4.362
PMC
PMC6819979
OpenAlex
W2963659054
Semantic Scholar
1d8e5750b7b341779e42388a0eed1edd3e6bbaf0
Cited by
44
References
134
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
FWCI
6.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Obesity Science & Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23 DK106528, P30 DK041301, P50 DK064539, R01 DK048351)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
childhood adversity, food addiction, obesity, sex differences, reward network, resting-state functional connectivity, brain network centrality, emotion regulation, dopamine signaling, body mass index

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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