CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 165Nutrition, Genetics, and DiseaseDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsNutritional Studies and Diet

Pretreatment Fasting Plasma Glucose and Insulin Modify Dietary Weight Loss Success: Results from 3 Randomized Clinical Trials

Open access
Hjorth, Mads F, Ritz, Christian, Blaak, Ellen E, Saris, Wim HM, Langin, Dominique, Poulsen, Sanne Kellebjerg, Larsen, Thomas Meinert, Sørensen, Thorkild IA +2 more·2017·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.3945/ajcn.117.155200
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: Which diet is optimal for weight loss and maintenance remains controversial and implies that no diet fits all patients.Objective: We studied concentrations of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and fasting insulin (FI) as prognostic markers for successful weight loss and maintenance through diets with different glycemic loads or different fiber and whole-grain content, assessed in 3 randomized trials of overweight participants.Design: After an 8-wk weight loss, participants in the DiOGenes (Diet, Obesity, and Genes) trial consumed ad libitum for 26 wk a diet with either a high or a low glycemic load. Participants in the Optimal well-being, development and health for Danish children through a healthy New Nordic Diet (OPUS) Supermarket intervention (SHOPUS) trial consumed ad libitum for 26 wk the New Nordic Diet, which is high in fiber and whole grains, or a control diet. Participants in the NUGENOB (Nutrient-Gene Interactions in Human Obesity) trial consumed a hypocaloric low-fat and high-carbohydrate or a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet for 10 wk. On the basis of FPG before treatment, participants were categorized as normoglycemic (FPG <5.6 mmol/L), prediabetic (FPG 5.6-6.9 mmol/L), or diabetic (FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L). Modifications of the dietary effects of FPG and FI before treatment were examined with linear mixed models.Results: In the DiOGenes trial, prediabetic individuals regained a mean of 5.83 kg (95% CI: 3.34, 8.32 kg; P < 0.001) more on the high- than on the low-glycemic load diet, whereas normoglycemic individuals regained a mean of 1.44 kg (95% CI: 0.48, 2.41 kg; P = 0.003) more [mean group difference: 4.39 kg (95% CI: 1.76, 7.02 kg); P = 0.001]. In SHOPUS, prediabetic individuals lost a mean of 6.04 kg (95% CI: 4.05, 8.02 kg; P < 0.001) more on the New Nordic Diet than on the control diet, whereas normoglycemic individuals lost a mean of 2.20 kg (95% CI: 1.21, 3.18 kg; P < 0.001) more [mean group difference: 3.84 kg (95% CI: 1.62, 6.06 kg); P = 0.001]. In NUGENOB, diabetic individuals lost a mean of 2.04 kg (95% CI: -0.20, 4.28 kg; P = 0.07) more on the high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet than on the low-fat and high-carbohydrate diet, whereas normoglycemic individuals lost a mean of 0.43 kg (95% CI: 0.03, 0.83 kg; P = 0.03) more on the low-fat and high-carbohydrate diet [mean group difference: 2.47 kg (95% CI: 0.20, 4.75 kg); P = 0.03]. The addition of FI strengthened these associations.Conclusion: Elevated FPG before treatment indicates success with dietary weight loss and maintenance among overweight patients consuming diets with a low glycemic load or with large amounts of fiber and whole grains. These trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00390637 (DiOGenes) and NCT01195610 (SHOPUS), and at ISRNCT.com as ISRCTN25867281 (NUGENOB).

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3945/ajcn.117.155200

Cites

17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Overall findings tend to support evidence from existing clinical trials and observational studies showing that people with markers indicating higher risk for diabetes, prediabetes, or insulin resistance have lower risk when they reduce calorie, carbohydrate, or saturated fat intake and/or increase fiber or protein intake compared with their peers.

    “Further, overall fi ndings tend to support evidence from existing clinical trials and observational studies showing that people with markers indicating higher risk for diabetes, prediabetes, or insulin resistance have lower risk when they reduce calorie, carbohydrate, or saturated fat intake and/or increase fi ber or protein intake compared with their peers (333 -337).”

    From Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report (2019) · cites this paper as [334]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Hjorth et al. found a mean difference of 4.4 (1.8; 7.0, p = 0.001) kg in responsiveness to a high-protein diet versus a standard-protein diet between participants with normoglycemia and prediabetes after a mean weight loss of 10.3 kg in the DIOGENES study.

    “After a mean weight loss of 10.3 kg in the DIOGENES study, they found a mean (95% CI) difference of 4.4 (1.8; 7.0, p = 0.001) kg in responsiveness to the high protein diet (21 E% protein) vs. the standard protein diet (17 E% protein) between participants of normoglycemia (n = 225) and prediabetes (n = 41) based on fasting plasma glucose.”

    From Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein (2021) · cites this paper as [59]

    The Results report a 4.39-kg difference (95% CI: 1.76–7.02; P = 0.001) between normoglycemic and prediabetic participants in DiOGenes. But the comparison was between high- and low-glycemic-load diets, not high- and standard-protein diets. The Results also describe the preceding 10.3-kg weight loss as a median, not a mean; Table 1 gives the cited group sizes of 225 and 41. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Consumption of low glycemic load diets high in protein, fiber, and whole grains is associated with improved body weight management in individuals with prediabetes, but less so in individuals with normoglycemia.

    “This is suggested by the associations between consumption of low glycemic load diets high in protein, fiber, and whole grains a with improved body weight management observed in individuals with prediabetes, but less so in individuals with normoglycemia (retrospective analyses by Ballesteros-Pomar et al. and Hjorth et al. [19,37,59].”

    From Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein (2021) · cites this paper as [59]

    The Results (page not provided) show greater weight-management benefits for prediabetic than normoglycemic participants on the low-glycemic-load diet and, separately, on the fiber- and whole-grain-rich New Nordic Diet. The claim combines these into one diet high in protein, fiber, and whole grains, but the Methods (page not provided) say the New Nordic Diet’s glycemic index was not assessed. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • HOMA-IR and fasting plasma glucose seem to be important biomarkers for successful dietary weight loss and weight loss maintenance.

    “Thereby, HOMA-IR and fasting plasma glucose seem to be important biomarkers for successful dietary weight loss and weight loss maintenance.”

    From Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein (2021) · cites this paper as [59]

    The Discussion identifies fasting plasma glucose as a biomarker associated with dietary weight loss and weight-loss maintenance. It also discusses fasting insulin, but the Methods analyze glucose and insulin rather than HOMA-IR; the claim’s HOMA-IR component is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Two studies were identified that assessed differences between normoglycemic and prediabetic individuals in body weight management.

    “Two studies were identified that assessed differences between normoglycemic and prediabetic individuals in body weight management [37,59].”

    From Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein (2021) · cites this paper as [59]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 18 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Hjorth, M. F., Ritz, C., Blaak, E. E., Saris, W. H., Langin, D., Poulsen, S. K., Larsen, T. M., Sørensen, T. I., Zohar, Y., & Astrup, A.
Affiliations
  • Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
  • Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (FR)
  • Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (DK)
  • University of Copenhagen (DK)
  • Gelesis, Inc. (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
Hjorth, Mads F
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-08
Volume
106
Issue
2
Pages
499-505
ISSN
0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3945/ajcn.117.155200
OpenAlex
W2732617776
Cited by
165
References
18
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 7
FWCI
19.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC 3.A Complications)
  • Nordea-fonden
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, prediabetes, weight loss, weight maintenance, glycemic load, New Nordic Diet, dietary fiber, whole grains, low-fat high-carbohydrate diet, low-carbohydrate high-fat diet, hypocaloric diet, insulin resistance, prognostic factors, overweight, obesity, weight regain, gene-diet interaction
MeSH terms
Whole Grains, Glycemic Load, Body Weight Maintenance, Adult, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Diabetes Mellitus, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Fiber, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Loss

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review