Intake of niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 through young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study
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Background: Epidemiologic evidence regarding niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake in relation to cognitive function is limited, especially in midlife.Objective: We hypothesize that higher intake of these B vitamins in young adulthood is associated with better cognition later in life.Design: This study comprised a community-based multicenter cohort of black and white men and women aged 18-30 y in 1985-1986 (year 0, i.e., baseline) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study (n = 3136). We examined participants' CARDIA diet history at years 0, 7, and 20 to assess nutrient intake, including dietary and supplemental B vitamins. We measured cognitive function at year 25 (mean ± SD age: 50 ± 4 y) through the use of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) for verbal memory, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) for psychomotor speed, and a modified Stroop interference test for executive function. Higher RAVLT and DSST scores and a lower Stroop score indicated better cognitive function. We used multivariable-adjusted linear regressions to estimate mean differences in cognitive scores and 95% CIs.Results: Comparing the highest quintile with the lowest (quintile 5 compared with quintile 1), cumulative total intake of niacin was significantly associated with 3.92 more digits on the DSST (95% CI: 2.28, 5.55; P-trend < 0.01) and 1.89 points lower interference score on the Stroop test (95% CI: -3.10, -0.68; P-trend = 0.05). Total folate was associated with 2.56 more digits on the DSST (95% CI: 0.82, 4.31; P-trend = 0.01). We also found that higher intakes of vitamin B-6 (quartile 5 compared with quartile 1: 2.62; 95% CI: 0.97, 4.28; P-trend = 0.02) and vitamin B-12 (quartile 5 compared with quartile 1: 2.08; 95% CI: 0.52, 3.65; P-trend = 0.02) resulted in better psychomotor speed measured by DSST scores.Conclusion: Higher intake of B vitamins throughout young adulthood was associated with better cognitive function in midlife.
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Positive associations exist between niacin status and risk of Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline, and higher niacin intake is associated with better cognitive test results.
“Positive associations have been found between niacin (vitamin B3) status and the risk of Alzheimer disease and cognitive decline [152].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [153]
A negative relationship exists between depressive symptoms and intake of B vitamins, including pyridoxine, in elderly Japanese females, but not males; higher pyridoxine intake is associated with better psychomotor speed in young adults.
“A negative relationship has been found between depressive symptoms and the levels of intake of B vitamins, including pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in 914 elderly Japanese females, but not in 720 males [157].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [153]
Higher vitamin B12 intake in young adulthood is associated with better psychomotor speed in midlife.
“A cohort of 3136 young adults has been followed for 20 years from age 18 to 30 years and data show that those in the highest quintile of dietary vitamin B12 intake at baseline (i.e., a median intake of 8.7 µg/day) had better psychomotor speed 20 to 25 years later than those with the lowest dietary intake of cobalamin (median 2.2 µg/day) [153].”
From Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as [153]
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- Authors
- Qin, B., Xun, P., Jacobs, D. R., Zhu, N., Daviglus, M. L., Reis, J. P., Steffen, L. M., Van Horn, L., Sidney, S., & He, K.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers Cancer Institute (US)
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Corresponding author
- He, Ka
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-04
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1032-1040
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5611785
- OpenAlex
- W2740226587
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 5.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks Open (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300029C, AG0005, HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300025C)
- Northwestern University (HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300029C, AG0005)
- University of Minnesota (AG0005, HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300029C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300027C)
- Johns Hopkins University (HHSN268200900041C)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268201300026 C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268201300025C and HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300029C, HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300025C, AG0005)
- University of Alabama (HHSN268201300026 C, HHSN268201300025C)
- National Institutes of Health (HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268201300025C, AG0005, HHSN268201300029C)
- Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (HHSN268201300029C, AG0005, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300026C, HHSN268201300027C)
- National Institute on Aging (HHSN268201300029C, HHSN268201300026C, AG 0005, HHSN268201300025C, HHSN268201300028C, HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300027C)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HHSN268201300028C, HHS-N2-68201300029C, HHSN268201300027C, HHSN268200900041C, HHSN268201300026C, HHS-N2-68201300025C, AG0005)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- nicotinic acid, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, B vitamins, dietary intake, cognitive function, midlife cognition, early adulthood, verbal memory, psychomotor speed, executive function, Stroop interference, CARDIA study, dietary history, aging, Black and White adults, sex differences, socioeconomic status, income
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Diet, Female, Folic Acid, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Niacin, Psychomotor Performance, Verbal Learning, Vitamin B Complex, Vitamin B Deficiency, Vitamin B 12, Cohort Studies, Dietary Supplements, Vitamin B 6, Young Adult, Executive Function
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