Genetic influences on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease risk: tools for primary prevention
Open accessAbstract
Genetic polymorphism in human populations is part of the evolutionary process that results from the interaction between the environment and the human genome. Recent changes in diet have upset this equilibrium, potentially influencing the risk of most common morbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Reduction of these conditions is a major public health concern, and such a reduction could be achieved by improving our ability to detect disease predisposition early in life and by providing more personalized behavioral recommendations for successful primary prevention. In terms of cardiovascular diseases, polymorphisms at multiple genes have been associated with differential effects in terms of lipid metabolism; however, the connection with cardiovascular disease has been more elusive, and considerable heterogeneity exists among studies regarding the predictive value of genetic markers. This may be because of experimental limitations, the intrinsic complexity of the phenotypes, and the aforementioned interactions with environmental factors. The integration of genetic and environmental complexity into current and future research will drive the field toward the implementation of clinical tools aimed at providing dietary advice optimized for the individual's genome. This may imply that dietary changes are implemented early in life to gain maximum benefit. However, it is important to highlight that most reported studies have focused on adult populations and to extrapolate these findings to children and adolescents may not be justified until proper studies have been carried out in these populations and until the ethical and legal issues associated with this new field are adequately addressed.
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Experimental studies in humans show marked variability among individuals in effects of dietary cholesterol on cholesterol absorption and lipid metabolism.
“Several experimental studies in humans have evaluated the effects of dietary cholesterol on cholesterol absorption and lipid metabolism and have revealed marked variability among individuals. 167,168”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [168]
Experimental studies in humans show marked variability among individuals in effects of dietary cholesterol on cholesterol absorption and lipid metabolism.
“Several experimental studies in humans have evaluated the effects of dietary cholesterol on cholesterol absorption and lipid metabolism and have revealed marked variability among individuals.167,168”
From 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias (2016) · cites this paper as [168]
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ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
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2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
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2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Graham, I., De Backer, G., Wiklund, O., Chapman, M. J., Drexel, H., Hoes, A. W., Jennings, C. S., Landmesser, U., Pedersen, T. R., et al. (2016) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.08.018 · Cited by 1,582 · see citing works
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Reiner, Ž., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.028 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias
Catapano, A. L., Reiner, Ž., De Backer, G., Graham, I., Taskinen, M.-R., Wiklund, O., Agewall, S., Alegria, E., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P., et al. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.012 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Weight loss in MASLD restores the balance of liver fatty acid sources
Lambert, J. E., Ramos-Roman, M. A., Valdez, M. J., Browning, J. D., Rogers, T., & Parks, E. J. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci174233 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ordovas, J. M.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1509S-1517S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2677003
- OpenAlex
- W2149664237
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2025: 9 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (5P01AG023394-02, HL54776, 58-1950-9-001, 53‐K06‐5‐10)
- National Institutes of Health (58-1950-9-001, DK075030)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG023394)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL54776, 58-1950-9-001, U01HL072524, R01HL054776, 53-K06-5-10)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-075030)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Nutrition, Genetics, and Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
- Keywords
- genetic polymorphism, serum lipids, cardiovascular risk, primary prevention, lipid metabolism, genetic markers, gene-environment interaction, personalized dietary advice, children and adolescents, legal and ethical issues
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Apolipoproteins E, Cardiovascular Diseases, Environment, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Lipids, Male, Primary Prevention, Public Health, Genetic Variation, Microsatellite Repeats, PPAR gamma
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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