Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis.

Davignon, J; Gregg, R E; Sing, C F

doi:10.1161/01.atv.8.1.1

Cited by 1,981Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthLipid metabolism and disordersCholesterol and Lipid Metabolism

Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis.

Davignon, J, Gregg, R E, Sing, C F·1988·Arteriosclerosis: An Official Journal of the American Heart Association, Inc.

DOI 10.1161/01.atv.8.1.1

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The apo E locus contributes to determining the variation in plasma cholesterol levels of healthy and diseased populations. It also influences the expression of hyperlipidemia and appears to modulate the susceptibility to atherosclerosis in a complex multifactorial interaction. There is evidence that the presence of apo E2 is protective, whereas that of apo E4 predisposes to coronary artery disease. The burden of proof, however, lies on future, well-designed clinical trials and prospective studies. The study of the biological significance of the apo E polymorphism in humans has emphasized the importance of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. The apo E polymorphism involves the coding region of the apo E gene and results in alterations of the gene product which, in turn, either directly or secondarily affect the metabolic fate of the lipoprotein particles. Rapid advances in knowledge over the last decade have provided a metabolic explanation for the observation of the opposite effects of the epsilon 4 and the epsilon 2 alleles on lipoprotein levels. Apo E2 has lower receptor binding affinity which results in delayed clearance of apo E2-bearing lipoprotein particles from plasma. Apo E4 is distributed differently from apo E3 between VLDL and HDL, is degraded more rapidly than apo E3, and may enhance the catabolism of E4-bearing particles, leading to other alterations in lipoprotein metabolism which result in elevated levels of LDL. In view of the significant opposite impacts of the epsilon 4 and the epsilon 2 alleles on plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations, it is evident that determination of the apo E phenotype will become a useful adjunct to the assessment of the cardiovascular risk profile of an individual. In addition, the relationship between the epsilon 2 allele and type III hyperlipoproteinemia provides a valuable model for the study of complex genetic interactions in the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia. The further study of apo E and its interactions shows great promise for a deeper comprehension of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/01.atv.8.1.1

Cites

98 of 98 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

APOE2 homozygosity can lead to Hyperlipoproteinemia type III (HLP), characterized by mixed hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia.
“The critical role of APOE in lipid metabolism is underscored by evidence showing that APOE2 homozygosity can lead to Hyperlipoproteinemia type III (HLP), characterized by mixed hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia [35–39].”
From Analysis of early effects of human APOE isoforms on Alzheimer’s disease and type III hyperlipoproteinemia pathways using knock-in rat models with humanized APP and APOE (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
APOE2hAβ rats are characterized as a model for type III HLP.
“This observation, coupled with evident mixed hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, supports the characterization of APOE2hAβ rats as a model for type III HLP”
From Analysis of early effects of human APOE isoforms on Alzheimer’s disease and type III hyperlipoproteinemia pathways using knock-in rat models with humanized APP and APOE (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Both the ε2 and the ε4 alleles are associated with unfavorable lipid profiles.
“Both the ε2 and the ε4 alleles are associated with unfavorable lipid profiles [8][9][10][11][12][13].”
From APOE and vascular disease: Sequencing and genotyping in general population cohorts (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
Less than one in 20 individuals with the ε22 genotype will have overt type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
“It is estimated that less than one in 20 individuals with the ε22 genotype will have overt type III hyperlipoproteinemia [24].”
From Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E, APOE genotype and risk of dementia and ischemic heart disease: A review (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
At the level of an individual, the effect of the APOE polymorphism on plasma lipid levels is moderate, but because the polymorphism is common, it contributes substantially to total phenotypic variability in plasma lipid levels in the general population.
“At the level of an individual the effect of the APOE polymorphism on plasma lipid levels is moderate, however since the APOE polymorphism is common, it contributes substantially to the total phenotypic variability in plasma lipid levels in the general population [21,24,58].”
From Plasma levels of apolipoprotein E, APOE genotype and risk of dementia and ischemic heart disease: A review (2016) · cites this paper as [24]

Apolipoprotein E associated with astrocytic glia of the central nervous system and with nonmyelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system.
Boyles, J. K., Pitas, R. E., Wilson, E., Mahley, R. W., & Taylor, J. M. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112130 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Human E apoprotein heterogeneity. Cysteine-arginine interchanges in the amino acid sequence of the apo-E isoforms.
Weisgraber, K. H., Rall, S. C., & Mahley, R. W. (1981) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)52510-8 · Cited by 777 · see citing works
Lipoprotein receptors and cholesterol homeostasis
Mahley, R. W., & Innerarity, T. L. (1983) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/0304-4157(83)90001-1 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Human apolipoprotein E. The complete amino acid sequence
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., & Mahley, R. W. (1982) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34702-1 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1985) · PubMed · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Self-citation
Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E and occurrence of dysbetalipoproteinaemia in man
UTERMANN, G., HEES, M., & STEINMETZ, A. (1977) · Nature · doi:10.1038/269604a0 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Human very low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein E isoprotein polymorphism is explained by genetic variation and posttranslational modification
Zannis, V. I., & Breslow, J. L. (1981) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00507a059 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E mRNA is abundant in the brain and adrenals, as well as in the liver, and is present in other peripheral tissues of rats and marmosets.
Elshourbagy, N. A., Liao, W. S. ‐., Mahley, R. W., & Taylor, J. M. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.1.203 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Polymorphism of apolipoprotein E
Utermann, G., Vogelberg, K. H., Steinmetz, A., Schoenborn, W., Pruin, N., Jaeschke, M., Hees, M. T. I. W. S.-V., & Canzler, H. (1979) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1979.tb02027.x · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in health and disease
Utermann, G. (1987) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90610-7 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
APOUPOPROTEIN E ISOFORMS, SERUM CHOLESTEROL, AND CANCER
Katan, M. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92972-7 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Effect of apoproteins on hepatic uptake of triglyceride emulsions in the rat.
Shelburne, F. A., Hanks, J., Meyers, W., & Quarfordt, S. H. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci109710 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Isolation, characterization, and mapping to chromosome 19 of the human apolipoprotein E gene.
Das, H. K., McPherson, J. D., Bruns, G. A. P., Karathanasis, S. K., & Breslow, J. L. (1985) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)88963-3 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Abnormal in vivo metabolism of apolipoprotein E4 in humans.
Gregg, R. E., Zech, L. A., Schaefer, E. J., Stark, D., Wilson, D., & Brewer, H. B. (1986) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112645 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citation
Structural basis for receptor binding heterogeneity of apolipoprotein E from type III hyperlipoproteinemic subjects.
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.15.4696 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and coronary artery disease.
Menzel, H. J., Kladetzky, R. G., & Assmann, G. (1983) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.3.4.310 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Familial hyperlipoproteinemia type III: Deficiency of a specific apolipoprotein (APO E‐III) in the very‐low‐density lipoproteins
Utermann, G., Jaeschke, M., & Menzel, J. (1975) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/0014-5793(75)81125-2 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Lipoprotein abnormalities associated with a familial deficiency of hepatic lipase
Breckenridge, W. C., Little, J., Alaupovic, P., Wang, C. C., Kuksis, A., Kakis, G., Lindgren, F. T., & Gardiner, G. W. (1982) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(82)90136-8 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Familial apolipoprotein E deficiency.
Schaefer, E. J., Gregg, R. E., Ghiselli, G., Forte, T. M., Ordovas, J. M., Zech, L. A., & Brewer, H. B. (1986) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112704 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citation
Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia. Abnormal binding of mutant apoprotein E to low density lipoprotein receptors of human fibroblasts and membranes from liver and adrenal of rats, rabbits, and cows.
Schneider, W. J., Kovanen, P. T., Brown, M. S., Goldstein, J. L., Utermann, G., Weber, W., Havel, R. J., Kotite, L., Kane, J. P., Innerarity, T. L., et al. (1981) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110330 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. A look back and a look ahead.
Steinberg, D. H. (1983) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.3.4.283 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
The use of measured genotype information in the analysis of quantitative phenotypes in man
Boerwinkle, E., Chakraborty, R., & Sing, C. F. (1986) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1986.tb01037.x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Self-citation
Apolipoproteins in human cerebrospinal fluid.
Roheim, P. S., Carey, M., Forte, T., & Vega, G. L. (1979) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4646 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Nucleotide sequence and structure of the human apolipoprotein E gene.
Paik, Y. K., Chang, D. J., Reardon, C. A., Davies, G. E., Mahley, R. W., & Taylor, J. M. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.10.3445 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The use of measured genotype information in the analysis of quantitative phenotypes in man.
Boerwinkle, E., & Sing, C. F. (1987) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1987.tb00874.x · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citation
The receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E. Binding of apolipoprotein E fragments.
Innerarity, T. L., Friedlander, E. J., Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., & Mahley, R. W. (1983) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44180-9 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Nerve injury stimulates the secretion of apolipoprotein E by nonneuronal cells.
Snipes, G. J., McGuire, C. B., Norden, J. J., & Freeman, J. A. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.4.1130 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Polymorphism at the Apoprotein‐E locus in relation to risk of coronary disease
Cumming, A. M., & Robertson, F. W. (1984) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1984.tb01995.x · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Estimation of the multivariate logistic risk function: A comparison of the discriminant function and maximum likelihood approaches
Halperin, M., Blackwelder, W. C., & Verter, J. I. (1971) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(71)90106-8 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E phenotypes and hyperlipidemia
Utermann, G., Kindermann, I., Kaffarnik, H., & Steinmetz, A. (1984) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00286508 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E synthesis in human kidney, adrenal gland, and liver
Blue, M. L., Williams, D. L., Zucker, S., Khan, S. A., & Blum, C. B. (1983) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.80.1.283 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia: Diagnosis, Molecular Defects, Pathology, and Treatment
BREWER, H. B., ZECH, L. A., GREGG, R. E., SCHWARTZ, D., & SCHAEFER, E. J. (1983) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-98-5-623 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citation
LACTIC ACIDOSIS AND HYPERLACTATÆMIA
Cohen, R. D., Woods, H. F., & Alberti, K. G. M. M. (1974) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91784-x · Cited by 222 · see citing works
The receptor-binding domain of human apolipoprotein E. Monoclonal antibody inhibition of binding.
Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., Harder, K. J., Mahley, R. W., Milne, R. W., Marcel, Y. L., & Sparrow, J. T. (1983) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44181-0 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Apoprotein (E–A-II) complex of human plasma lipoproteins. I. Characterization of this mixed disulfide and its identification in a high density lipoprotein subfraction
Weisgraber, K. H., & Mahley, R. W. (1978) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34612-4 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Structure and evolution of the apolipoprotein multigene family
Luo, C., Li, W., Moore, M. N., & Chan, L. (1986) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(86)90436-5 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The use of measured genotype information in the analysis of quantitative phenotypes in man. II. The role of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in determining levels, variability, and covariability of cholesterol, betalipoprotein, and triglycerides in a sample of unrelated individuals
Boerwinkle, E., Visvikis‐Siest, S., Welsh, D., Steinmetz, J., Hanash, S., Sing, C. F., Opitz, J. M., & Reynolds, J. F. (1987) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320270310 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Self-citation
Isoprotein specificity in the hepatic uptake of apolipoprotein E and the pathogenesis of familial dysbetalipoproteinemia.
Havel, R. J., Chao, Y. S., Windler, E. E. T., Kotite, L., & Guo, L. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.7.4349 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia: Defective Metabolism of an Abnormal Apolipoprotein E
Gregg, R. E., Zech, L. A., Schaefer, E. J., & Brewer, H. B. (1981) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7455696 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citation
Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and coronary artery disease.
Lenzen, H. J., Assmann, G., Buchwalsky, R., & Schulte, H. (1986) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/32.5.778 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E phenotyping from serum by Western blotting
Menzel, H., & Utermann, G. (1986) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.1150071103 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Delayed clearance of chylomicron remnants following vitamin-A-containing oral fat loads in broad-β disease (type III hyperlipoproteinemia)
Hazzard, W. R., & Bierman, E. L. (1976) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(76)90149-9 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Low-density lipoprotein receptor binding determinants switch from apolipoprotein E to apolipoprotein B during conversion of hypertriglyceridemic very-low-density lipoprotein to low-density lipoproteins.
Bradley, W. A., Hwang, S. L., Karlin, J. B., Lin, A. H., Prasad, S. C., Gotto, A. M., & Gianturco, S. H. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42663-9 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
The locus for apolipoprotein E (apoE) is linked to the complement component C3 (C3) locus on chromosome 19 in man
Olaisen, B., Teisberg, P., & Gedde‐Dahl, T. (1982) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00333526 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETIC VARIATION
Breslow, J. L. (1985) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.003411 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E phenotypes in patients with myocardial infarction
Utermann, G., Hardewig, A., & Zimmer, F. (1984) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00286509 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Human apolipoprotein E mRNA. cDNA cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a new variant.
McLean, J. W., Elshourbagy, N. A., Chang, D. J., Mahley, R. W., & Taylor, J. M. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(20)82169-3 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Genetic control of human apolipoprotein E polymorphism: Comparison of one-and two-dimensional techniques of isoprotein analysis
Utermann, G., Steinmetz, A., & Weber, W. (1982) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00569216 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E is a biologically active constituent of the normal immunoregulatory lipoprotein, LDL-In.
Pepe, M. G., & Curtiss, L. K. (1986) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.136.10.3716 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Quantitation of apolipoprotein E mRNA in the liver and peripheral tissues of nonhuman primates.
Newman, T. C., Dawson, P. A., Rudel, L. L., & Williams, D. L. (1985) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)89575-8 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Identification of a new structural variant of human apolipoprotein E, E2(Lys146 leads to Gln), in a type III hyperlipoproteinemic subject with the E3/2 phenotype.
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., Bersot, T. P., Mahley, R. W., & Blum, C. B. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111085 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia: New Aspects of Pathogenesis and Diagnosis
Havel, R. J. (1982) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)31429-8 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia: Paradoxical Hypolipidemic Response to Estrogen
Kushwaha, R. S., HAZZARD, W. R., Gagné, C., CHAIT, A., & ALBERS, J. J. (1977) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-87-5-517 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Role of apolipoprotein E in the lipolytic conversion of beta-very low density lipoproteins to low density lipoproteins in type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
Ehnholm, C., Mahley, R. W., Chappell, D. A., Weisgraber, K. H., Ludwig, E. H., & Witztum, J. L. (1984) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.81.17.5566 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and hyperlipidemia.
Assmann, G., Schmitz, G., Menzel, H. J., & Schulte, H. (1984) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/30.5.641 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
A density gradient study of the lipoprotein and apolipoprotein distribution in the chicken, Gallus domesticus
Hermier, D., Forgez, P., & Chapman, M. J. (1985) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Lipids and Lipid Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0005-2760(85)90226-7 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Binding of chylomicron remnants and beta-very low density lipoproteins to hepatic and extrahepatic lipoprotein receptors. A process independent of apolipoprotein B48.
Hui, D. Y., Innerarity, T. L., Milne, R. W., Marcel, Y. L., & Mahley, R. W. (1984) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)42514-2 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Characterization of a unique human apolipoprotein E variant associated with type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
Zannis, V. I., & Breslow, J. L. (1980) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85939-2 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Declining mortality in coronary heart disease.
Levy, R. I. (1981) · Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1161/01.atv.1.5.312 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Increased frequency of lipoprotein disorders similar to type iii hyperlipoproteinemia in survivors of myocardial infarction in Japan
Kameda, K., MATSUZAWA, Y., KUBO, M., Ishikawa, K., Maejima, I., Yamamura, T., Yamamoto, A. C., & Tarui, S. (1984) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(84)90171-0 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Reciprocal effects of apolipoprotein E alleles (ε2 AND ε4) on plasma lipid levels in normolipidemic subjects
Eto, M., Watanabe, K., & Ishii, K. (1986) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1986.tb00547.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
A novel electrophoretic variant of human apolipoprotein E. Identification and characterization of apolipoprotein E1
Weisgraber, K. H., Rall, S. C., Innerarity, T. L., Mahley, R. W., Kuusi, T., & Ehnholm, C. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111287 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Roles of apolipoproteins B and E in the cellular binding of very low density lipoproteins.
Krul, E. S., Tikkanen, M. J., Cole, T. G., Davie, J. M., & Schonfeld, G. (1985) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111708 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Apoprotein E suppresses phytohemagglutinin-activated phospholipid turnover in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Ávila, E. E. L., Holdsworth, G., Sasaki, N., Jackson, R. L., & Harmony, J. A. K. (1982) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83864-4 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Increased prevalence of apolipoprotein E4 in type V hyperlipoproteinemia.
Ghiselli, G., Schaefer, E. J., Zech, L. A., Gregg, R. E., & Brewer, H. B. (1982) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110638 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Regional mapping of human chromosome 19: organization of genes for plasma lipid transport (APOC1, -C2, and -E and LDLR) and the genes C3, PEPD, and GPI.
Lusis, A. J., Heinzmann, C., Sparkes, R. S., Scott, J., Knott, T. J., Geller, R. L., Sparkes, M. C., & Mohandas, T. K. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.11.3929 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E3-Leiden. A new variant of human apolipoprotein E associated with familial type III hyperlipoproteinemia
Havekes, L., de Wit, E., Leuven, J. G., Klasen, E., Utermann, W., Weber, W., & Beisiegel, U. (1986) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00291607 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
New mutants of apolipoprotein E associated with atherosclerotic diseases but not to type III hyperlipoproteinemia.
Yamamura, T., Yamamoto, A., Sumiyoshi, T., Hiramori, K., Nishioeda, Y., & Nambu, S. (1984) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci111532 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Identical Structural and Receptor Binding Defects in Apolipoprotein E2 in Hypo-, Normo-, and Hypercholesterolemic Dysbetalipoproteinemia
Rall, S. C., Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., Mahley, R. W., & Assmann, G. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110829 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Atypical familial dysbetalipoproteinemia associated with apolipoprotein phenotype E3/3.
Havel, R. J., Kotite, L., Kane, J. P., Tun, P., & Bersot, T. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci110978 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Genetic transmission of isoapolipoprotein E phenotypes in a large kindred: Relationship to dysbetalipoproteinemia and hyperlipidemia
Hazzard, W. R., Warnick, G. R., Utermann, G., & Albers, J. J. (1981) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(81)90223-7 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in angiographically defined coronary atherosclerosis
Schmidt, S. B., Wasserman, A. G., Muesing, R. A., Schlesselman, S. E., LaRosa, J. C., & Ross, A. M. (1985) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(85)90953-1 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Two-dimensional gel studies of genetic variation in the plasma proteins of Amerindians and Japanese
Asakawa, J., Takahashi, N., Rosenblum, B. B., & Neel, J. V. (1985) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00273446 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Localization of genes encoding apolipoproteins CI, CII, and E to the p13?cen region of human chromosome 19
Scott, J., Knott, T. J., Shaw, D. J., & Brook, J. D. (1985) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00283370 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Hyperlipemia in Type II Diabetics
Eto, M., Watanabe, K., Iwashima, Y., Morikawa, A., Oshima, E., SEKIGUCHI, M., & Ishii, K. K. (1986) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.35.12.1374 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Induction of rat E and chicken A-I apolipoproteins and mRNAs during optic nerve degeneration.
Dawson, P. A., Schechter, N., & Williams, D. L. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38433-8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A new isoform of apolipoprotein E — Apo E-5 — Associated with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis
Yamamura, T., Yamamoto, A., Hiramori, K., & Nambu, S. (1984) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(84)90019-4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Metabolism of apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in patients with familial dysbetalipoproteinemia.
Stalenhoef, A. F., Malloy, M. J., Kane, J. P., & Havel, R. J. (1986) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci112632 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Evolution of the apolipoproteins. Structure of the rat apo-A-IV gene and its relationship to the human genes for apo-A-I, C-III, and E.
Boguski, M. S., Birkenmeier, E. H., Elshourbagy, N. A., Taylor, J. M., & Gordon, J. I. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(19)84575-1 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E gene mapping and expression: localization of the structural gene to human chromosome 19 and expression of ApoE mRNA in lipoprotein- and non-lipoprotein-producing tissues
Lin-Lee, Y.-C., Kao, F. T., Cheung, P., & Chan, L. (1985) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi00335a050 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and plasma cholesterol response to probucol
Nestruck, A. C., Bouthillier, D., Sing, C. F., & Davignon, J. (1987) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(87)90110-7 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
Analysis of genetic and environmental sources of variation in serum cholesterol in Tecumseh, Michigan. III. Identification of genetic effects using 12 polymorphic genetic blood marker systems.
Sing, C. F., & Orr, J. D. (1976) · PubMed · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Type III hyperlipoproteinemia: development of a VLDL ApoE gel isoelectric focusing technique and application in family studies.
Weidman, S. W., Suarez, B., Jm, F., Jl, W., Kolar, J., Raben, M. S., & Schonfeld, G. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 61 · see citing works
[49] Genetic polymorphism in human apolipoprotein E
Zannis, V. I. (1986) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(86)28109-4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein EBethesda: A New Variant of Apolipoprotein E Associated with Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia
Gregg, R. E., Ghiselli, G., & Brewer, H. B. (1983) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-57-5-969 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Use of hydrophobicity profiles to predict receptor binding domains on apolipoprotein E and the low density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-E receptor.
Loof, H. D., Rosseneu, M., Brasseur, R., & Ruysschaert, J. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.8.2295 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tight linkage of apolipoprotein C2 to myotonic dystrophy on chromosome 19
Pericak‐Vance, M. A., Yamaoka, L. H., Assinder, R. I. F., Hung, W.-Y., Bartlett, R. J., Stajich, J. M., Gaskell, P. C., Ross, D. A., Sherman, S. L., Fey, G. H., et al. (1986) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.36.11.1418 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Increased frequency of the apolipoprotein E‐4 isoform in male subjects with multifactorial hypercholesterolemia
Leren, T. P., Bbøresen, A., Berg, K., Hjermann, I., & Luren, P. (1985) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1985.tb00231.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Resistance of a very low density lipoprotein subpopulation from familial dysbetalipoproteinemia to in vitro lipolytic conversion to the low density lipoprotein density fraction.
Chung, B. H., & Segrest, J. P. (1983) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)37898-6 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Detection of apolipoprotein E variants by an oligonucleotide "melting" procedure.
Funke, H., Rust, S., & Assmann, G. (1986) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/32.7.1285 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Apo E allele frequency in primary endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (type IV) with and without hyperapobetalipoproteinemia.
Lussier‐Cacan, S., Bouthillier, D., & Davignon, J. (1985) · Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc · doi:10.1161/01.atv.5.6.639 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
A common restriction fragment length polymorphism of the human apolipoprotein E gene and its relationship to type III hyperlipidaemia
Klasen, E. C., Talmud, P. J., Havekes, L. M., de Wit, E., van der Kooij-Meijs, E., de Smit, M. H., Hansson, G. C., & Humphries, S. E. (1987) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf00281067 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Abnormal low density lipoprotein metabolism in apolipoprotein E deficiency.
Gabelli, C., Gregg, R. E., Zech, L. A., Manzato, E., & Brewer, H. B. (1987) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38838-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citation
Apolipoprotein E Mutants, Hyperlipidemia and Arteriosclerosis
Utermann, G. (1985) · Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism VIII · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2459-1_14 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of mixed disulphide complexes of e apoprotein in high density lipoprotein of subjects with acute alcoholic hepatitis
Tada, N., Fidge, N., & Nestel, P. J. (1979) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/0006-291x(79)91624-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
HYPERLIPOPROTEINAEMIA TYPE V AND APOLIPOPROTEIN E4
Stuyt, P. M. J., Stalenhoef, A. F. H., Demacker, P. N. M., & Laar, A. V. (1982) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(82)90903-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Frequencies of apolipoproteins E5 and E7 in apparently healthy Japanese
Tsuchiya, S., Yamanouchi, Y., Onuki, M., Yamakawa, K., Miyazaki, R., Taya, T., Kondo, I., Ohnuki, M., & Hamaguchi, H. (1985) · The Japanese Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01907964 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Cord blood plasma lipoproteins inhibit mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation.
Curtiss, L. K., Forte, T. M., & Davis, P. A. (1984) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.133.3.1379 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?*
Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Cholesterol Transport Protein with Expanding Role in Cell Biology
Mahley, R. W. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3283935 · Cited by 4,028 · see citing works
Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI.
Hixson, J., & Vernier, D. (1990) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)43176-1 · Cited by 2,933 · see citing works
Severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice created by homologous recombination in ES cells
Plump, A. S., Smith, J. D., Hayek, T., Aalto-Setälä, K., Walsh, A., Verstuyft, J. G., Rubin, E. M., & Breslow, J. L. (1992) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90362-g · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Far More Than a Lipid Transport Protein
Mahley, R. W., & Rall, S. C. (2000) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.1.1.507 · Cited by 1,836 · see citing works
Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: longitudinal, population based study
Kivipelto, M., Helkala, E.-L., Laakso, M. P., Hänninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Alhainen, K., Soininen, H., Tuomilehto, J., & Nissinen, A. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7300.1447 · Cited by 1,618 · see citing works
Preclinical Evidence of Alzheimer's Disease in Persons Homozygous for the ε4 Allele for Apolipoprotein E
Reiman, E. M., Caselli, R. J., Yun, L. S., Chen, K., Bandy, D., Minoshima, S., Thibodeau, S. N., & Osborne, D. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199603213341202 · Cited by 1,366 · see citing works
[The Rotterdam study].
Wada, K., Tanaka, K., & Nakashima, K. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease
Poirier, J., Bertrand, P., Poirier, J., Kogan, S., Gauthier, S., Poirier, J., Gauthier, S., Davignon, J., Bouthillier, D., & Davignon, J. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91705-q · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Self-citation
Apolipoprotein E in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: Allelic variation and receptor interactions
William Rebeck, G., Reiter, J. S., Strickland, D. K., & Hyman, B. T. (1993) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90070-8 · Cited by 1,107 · see citing works
Genetic associations with human longevity at the APOE and ACE loci
Schächter, F., Faure-Delanef, L., Guénot, F., Rouger, H., Froguel, P., Lesueur-Ginot, L., & Cohen, D. (1994) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0194-29 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Accessing genetic variation: genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms
Syvänen, A. (2001) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/35103535 · Cited by 1,084 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: Have all risk factors the same strength?
Timon, I. M. (2014) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v5.i4.444 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Alzheimer Disease as a Vascular Disorder
de la Torre, J. C. (2002) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000014421.15948.67 · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: Structure-Function Relationships
Weisgraber, K. H. (1994) · Advances in Protein Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60642-7 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Cardiovascular Disease: A HuGE Review
Eichner, J. E. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.6.487 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease
Austin, M. A. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.1.2 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of coronary heart disease risk. The PROCAM experience and pathophysiological implications for reverse cholesterol transport
Assmann, G., Schulte, H., von Eckardstein, A., & Huang, Y. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(96)05852-2 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with outcome after head injury
Teasdale, G. M., Nicoll, J. A. R., Murray, G. D., & Fiddes, M. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)04318-3 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Three-Dimensional Structure of the LDL Receptor-Binding Domain of Human Apolipoprotein E
Wilson, C., Wardell, M. R., Weisgraber, K. H., Mahley, R. W., & Agard, D. A. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2063194 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Serum Total Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein E {FC12}e4 Allele, and Alzheimer’s Disease
Notkola, I.-L., Sulkava, R. O., Pekkanen, J., Erkinjuntti, T., Ehnholm, C., Kivinen, P., Tuomilehto, J., & Nissinen, A. (1998) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000026149 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Vascular risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease:
Breteler, M. M. B. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(99)00110-4 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) allele distribution in the world. Is APOE*4 a ‘thrifty’ allele?
Corbo, R. M., & Scacchi, R. (1999) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1999.6340301.x · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Coronary Heart Disease
Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.252 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
ApoE and Aβ in Alzheimer’s Disease: Accidental Encounters or Partners?
Kanekiyo, T., Xu, H., & Bu, G. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.045 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
The Glia-Neuron Lactate Shuttle and Elevated ROS Promote Lipid Synthesis in Neurons and Lipid Droplet Accumulation in Glia via APOE/D
Liu, L., MacKenzie, K. R., Putluri, N., Maletić-Savatić, M., & Bellen, H. J. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.024 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: the Rotterdam Study
Ruitenberg, A., Swieten, J. C. V., Witteman, J. C. M., Mehta, K. M., van Duijn, C. M., Albert Hofman, D., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07493-7 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E Alleles and Risk of Coronary Disease: A Meta-analysis
Wilson, P. W. F., Schaefer, E. J., Larson, M. G., & Ordovas, J. M. (1996) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.16.10.1250 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Meta-Analysis: Apolipoprotein E Genotypes and Risk for Coronary Heart Disease
Song, Y., Stampfer, M. J., & Liu, S. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-2-200407200-00013 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
The role of cerebral ischemia in Alzheimer’s disease
Kalaria, R. N. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00125-1 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
The apolipoprotein E polymorphism: a comparison of allele frequencies and effects in nine populations.
Hallman, D. M., Boerwinkle, E., Saha, N., Sandholzer, C., Menzel, H., Csazar, A., & Utermann, G. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Genetic Association of Apolipoprotein E with Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Klaver, C. C. W., Kliffen, M., van Duijn, C. M., Hofman, A., Cruts, M., Grobbee, D. E., van Broeckhoven, C., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/301901 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C>T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ): findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide
Wilcken, B. M., Bamforth, F., Li, Z., Zhu, H., Ritvanen, A., Redlund, M., Stoll, C., Alembik, Y., Dott, B., Czeizel, A. E., et al. (2003) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.40.8.619 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
ApoE-4 and Age at Onset of Alzheimer's Disease: The NIMH Genetics Initiative
Blacker, D., Haines, J. L., Rodes, L., Terwedow, H., Go, R. C. P., Harrell, L. E., Perry, R. T., Bassett, S. S., Chase, G., Meyers, D., et al. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.1.139 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
DNA sequence diversity in a 9.7-kb region of the human lipoprotein lipase gene
Nickerson, D. A., Taylor, S. L., Weiss, K. M., Clark, A. G., Hutchinson, R. G., Stengård, J., Salomaa, V. V., Vartiainen, E. A., Boerwinkle, E., & Sing, C. F. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/907 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Self-citation
Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Offspring Study
Wilson, P. W. F. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520210050031 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): questions, quandaries, and paradoxes
Mahley, R. W., Huang, Y., & Rall, S. C. (1999) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32417-2 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Cholesterol Modulates α-Secretase Cleavage of Amyloid Precursor Protein
Bodovitz, S., & Klein, W. L. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.8.4436 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Modulation of plasma triglyceride levels by apoE phenotype: a meta-analysis.
Dallongeville, J., Lussier‐Cacan, S., & Davignon, J. (1992) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41611-6 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Self-citation
Apolipoprotein E-ε4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury
Friedman, G., Froom, P., Sazbon, L., Grinblatt, I., Shochina, M., Tsenter, J., Babaey, S., Yehuda, A. B., & Groswasser, Z. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.2.244 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E Variation at the Sequence Haplotype Level: Implications for the Origin and Maintenance of a Major Human Polymorphism
Fullerton, S. M., Clark, A. G., Weiss, K. M., Nickerson, D. A., Taylor, S. L., Stengård, J., Salomaa, V. V., Vartiainen, E. A., Perola, M., Boerwinkle, E., et al. (2000) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/303070 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Self-citation
<i>APOE</i> -ε4 count predicts age when prevalence of AD increases, then declines: The Cache County Study
Breitner, J. C. S., Wyse, B. W., Anthony, J. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Steffens, D. C., Norton, M. C., Tschanz, J. T., Plassman, B. L., Meyer, M. R., Skoog, I., et al. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.2.321 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Gender differences in cardiovascular disease
Gao, Z., Chen, Z., Sun, A., & Deng, X. (2019) · Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices · doi:10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100025 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Polyvariant mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator genes. The polymorphic (Tg)m locus explains the partial penetrance of the T5 polymorphism as a disease mutation.
Cuppens, H., Lin, W., Jaspers, M., Costes, B., Teng, H., Vankeerberghen, A., Jorissen, M., Droogmans, G., Reynaert, I., Goossens, M., et al. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci639 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
A primer-guided nucleotide incorporation assay in the genotyping of apolipoprotein E
Syvänen, A.-C., Aalto‐Setälä, K., HARJU, L. M., KONTULA, K. K., & Söderlund, H. (1990) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90255-s · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E
Mahley, R. W., & Huang, Y. (1999) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/00041433-199906000-00003 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Coronary Heart Disease: A HuGE Association Review
Austin, M. A. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh237 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
APOE distribution in world populations with new data from India and the UK
Singh, P. P., Singh, M., & Mastana, S. S. (2006) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460600594513 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Covalent Linkage of Apolipoprotein E to Albumin Nanoparticles Strongly Enhances Drug Transport into the Brain
Michaelis, K., Hoffmann, M. M., Dreis, S., Herbert, E., Alyautdin, R. N., Michaelis, M., Kreuter, J., & Langer, K. (2006) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.105.097139 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 alleles in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cerebrovascular pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Premkumar, D. R., Cohen, D., Hedera, P., Friedland, R. P., & Kalaria, R. N. (1996) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Plasma lipoproteins and progression of coronary artery disease evaluated by angiography and clinical events.
PHILLIPS, N. R., Waters, D. D., & Havel, R. J. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.6.2762 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
<i>APOE4</i> disrupts intracellular lipid homeostasis in human iPSC-derived glia
Sienski, G., Narayan, P., Bonner, J. M., Kory, N., Boland, S., Arczewska, A. A., Ralvenius, W. T., Akay, L., Lockshin, E., He, L., et al. (2021) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz4564 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Pathological alterations of the cerebral microvasculature in Alzheimer's disease and related dementing disorders
Buée, L., Hof, P. R., Bouras, C., Delacourte, A., Perl, D. P., Morrison, J. H., & Fillit, H. M. (1994) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00294173 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E isoforms and lipoprotein metabolism
Phillips, M. C. (2014) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.1314 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Human apolipoprotein E: the Alzheimer's disease connection
Weisgraber, K. H., & Mahley, R. W. (1996) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.13.8940294 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Systemic vascular smooth muscle cell impairment in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy
Ruchoux, M. M., Guerouaou, D., Vandenhaute, B., Pruvo, J., Vermersch, P., & Leys, D. (1995) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00571504 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
A randomized study of the influence of perfusion technique and pH management strategy in 316 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery:
Murkin, J. M., Martzke, J. S., Buchan, A. M., Bentley, C., & Wong, C. J. (1995) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0022-5223(95)70230-x · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Human apolipoprotein E: Role of arginine 61 in mediating the lipoprotein preferences of the E3 and E4 isoforms
Dong, L. M., Wilson, C., Wardell, M. R., Simmons, T., Mahley, R. W., Weisgraber, K. H., & Agard, D. A. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31797-0 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: From lipid transport to neurobiology
Hauser, P. S., Narayanaswami, V., & Ryan, R. O. (2011) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2010.09.001 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Human Apolipoprotein E4 Domain Interaction
Dong, L.-M., & Weisgraber, K. H. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.32.19053 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E genotype and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham Heart Study
Lahoz, C., Schaefer, E. J., Cupples, L. A., Wilson, P. W. F., Levy, D. A., Osgood, D. P., Parpos, S., Pedro‐Botet, J., Daly, J. A., & Ordovás, J. M. (2001) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00570-0 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 and the risk of dementia with stroke. A population-based investigation
Slooter, A. J. C. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.277.10.818 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Intestinal absorption of triglyceride and cholesterol. Dietary and pharmacological inhibition to reduce cardiovascular risk
Ros, E. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00456-1 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Vascular risk factors, cognitve decline, and dementia
Hanon, O. (2008) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s1839 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein in Alzheimer's Disease Correlates with Brain Aβ 1–42 Levels
Kuo, Y., Emmerling, M. R., Bisgaier, C. L., Essenburg, A. D., Lampert, H. C., Drumm, D. A., & Roher, A. E. (1998) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9652 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Evidence that Alzheimer’s disease is a microvascular disorder: the role of constitutive nitric oxide
de la Torre, J. C., & Stefano, G. B. (2000) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(00)00043-6 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease at suboptimal plasma concentrations of essential antioxidants: an epidemiological update with special attention to carotene and vitamin C
GEY, K. F., Moser, U., Jordan, P., Stähelin, H., Eichholzer, M., & Lüdin, E. (1993) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/57.5.787s · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E distribution among human plasma lipoproteins: role of the cysteine-arginine interchange at residue 112
Weisgraber, K. H. (1990) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42621-5 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Molecular, Endocrine, and Genetic Mechanisms of Arterial Calcification
Doherty, T. M., Fitzpatrick, L. A., Inoue, D., Qiao, J.-H., Fishbein, M. C., Detrano, R., Shah, P. K., & Rajavashisth, T. B. (2004) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2003-0015 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Apo E structure determines VLDL clearance and atherosclerosis risk in mice
Knouff, C., Hinsdale, M. E., Mezdour, H., Altenburg, M. K., Watanabe, M., Quarfordt, S. H., Sullivan, P. M., & Maeda, N. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci6172 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
The γ e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene as a potential protective factor for exudative age-related macular degeneration
Souied, E. H., Benlian, P., Amouyel, P., Feingold, J., Lagarde, J.-P., Munnich, A., Kaplan, J., Coscas, G., & Soubrane, G. (1998) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(99)80146-9 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms affect atherosclerosis in young males. Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Research Group.
Hixson, J. E. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.5.1237 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E allele-dependent pathogenesis: a model for age-related retinal degeneration
Malek, G., Johnson, L. V., Mace, B. E., Saloupis, P., Schmechel, D. E., Rickman, D. W., Toth, C. A., Sullivan, P. M., & Rickman, C. B. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503015102 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
High frequency of apolipoprotein E ϵ2 Allele in hemorrhage due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Nicoll, J. A. R., Burnett, C., Love, S., Graham, D. I., Dewar, D., Ironside, J. W., Stewart, J., & Vinters, H. V. (1997) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410410607 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
DNA Diagnostics—Molecular Techniques and Automation
Landegren, U. D., Kaiser, R., Caskey, C. T., & Hood, L. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3051381 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Other Pathogens are Key Causative Factors in Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease
Harris, S. A., & Harris, E. A. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-142853 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Prediction of angiographic change in native human coronary arteries and aortocoronary bypass grafts. Lipid and nonlipid factors.
Blankenhorn, D. H., Alaupovic, P., Wickham, E., Chin, H. P., & Azen, S. P. (1990) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.81.2.470 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Statement on Use of Apolipoprotein E Testing for Alzheimer Disease
Farrer, L. A. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530200063039 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
The Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor δ Promotes Lipid Accumulation in Human Macrophages
Vosper, H., Patel, L., Graham, T. L., Khoudoli, G. A., Hill, A., Macphee, C. H., Pinto, I., Smith, S. A., Suckling, K. E., Wolf, C. R., et al. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m108482200 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Turkish Heart Study: lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins.
Mahley, R. W., Palaoğlu, K. E., Atak, Z., Dawson-Pepin, J., Langlois, A. M., Cheung, V., Onat, H., Fulks, P., Mahley, L. L., & Vakar, F. (1995) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)40067-7 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
APOE genotype as a risk factor for ischemic cerebrovascular disease
McCarron, M. O., DeLong, D. M., & Alberts, M. J. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.6.1308 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E: risk factor for Alzheimer disease.
Tsai, M. S., Tangalos, E. G., Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Schaid, D. J., Kokmen, E., Ivnik, R. J., & Thibodeau, S. N. (1994) · PubMed Central · Cited by 265 · see citing works
High Density Lipoprotein Structure–Function and Role in Reverse Cholesterol Transport
Lund-Katz, S., & Phillips, M. C. (2010) · Subcellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-8622-8_7 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
III Diretrizes Brasileiras Sobre Dislipidemias e Diretriz de Prevenção da Aterosclerose do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia
Santos, R. D. (2001) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia · doi:10.1590/s0066-782x2001001500001 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Similarities between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia
Kalaria, R. N. (2002) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00256-3 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E4 and coronary heart disease in middle-aged men who smoke: a prospective study
Humphries, S. E., Talmud, P. J., Hawe, E., Bolla, M. K., Day, I. N. M., & Miller, G. J. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05330-2 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: a possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women.
Payami, H., Zareparsi, S., Montee, K. R., Sexton, G. J., Kaye, J. A., Bird, T. D., Yu, C. E., Wijsman, E. M., Heston, L. L., Litt, M. J., et al. (1996) · PubMed Central · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Relation of apolipoprotein E phenotype to myocardial infarction and mortality from coronary artery disease
Eichner, J. E., Kuller, L. H., Orchard, T. J., Grandits, G. A., McCallum, L. M., Ferrell, R. E., & Neaton, J. D. (1993) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90732-r · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profile in men with ischemic stroke. Role of lipoprotein(a), triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein E polymorphism.
Pedro‐Botet, J., Sentı́, M., Nogués, X., Rubiés-Prat, J., Roquer, J., D'Olhaberriague, L., & Olivé, J. (1992) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.23.11.1556 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Coronary Artery Disease, Hypertension, ApoE, and Cholesterol: A Link to Alzheimer's Disease?
Sparks, D. L. (1997) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48466.x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Apolipoprotein E and alzheimer's disease: Ethnic variation in genotypic risks
Maestre, G. E., Ottman, R., Stern, Y., Gurland, B. J., Chun, M. R., Tang, M., Shelanski, M. L., Tycko, B., & Mayeux, R. P. (1995) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410370217 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: A manifestation of insulin resistance and multiple genetic susceptibilities?
Orchard, T. J., Chang, Y.-F., Ferrell, R. E., Petro, N., & Ellis, D. (2002) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00507.x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The Nature, Distribution and Causes of Traumatic Brain Injury
Graham, D. I., Adams, J. H., Nicoll, J. A. R., Maxwell, W., & Gennarelli, T. A. (1995) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1995.tb00618.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Vascular Basis of Alzheimer's Pathogenesis
de la Torre, J. C. (2002) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04817.x · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Plasma chain-breaking antioxidants in Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and Parkinson's disease
Foy, C. J. (1999) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/92.1.39 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Peripheral Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease
Torres, L. H., Quaglio, N. B., de Souza, G. T., Garcia, R. C. T., Dati, L. M. M., Moreira, W. L., Loureiro, A. P. D. M., Souza‐Talarico, J. N., Smid, J., Porto, C. S., et al. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110284 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
The Apolipoprotein ε4 Allele Determines Prognosis and the Effect on Prognosis of Simvastatin in Survivors of Myocardial Infarction
Gerdes, L. U., Gerdes, C., Kervinen, K., Savolainen, M. J., Klausen, I. C., HANSEN, P. S., Kesäniemi, Y. A., & Færgeman, O. (2000) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.12.1366 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Defects in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene affect lipoprotein (a) levels: multiplicative interaction of two gene loci associated with premature atherosclerosis.
Utermann, G., Hoppichler, F., Dieplinger, H., Seed, M., Thompson, G. R., & Boerwinkle, E. (1989) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.86.11.4171 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Allelic polymorphisms in the transcriptional regulatory region of apolipoprotein E gene
Artiga, M. J., Bullido, M. J., Sastre, I., Recuero, M., Garcı́a, M. A., Aldudo, J., Vázquez, J., & Valdivieso, F. (1998) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01543-3 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Polymorphisms and colorectal tumor risk
Houlston, R. S., & Tomlinson, I. P. M. (2001) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2001.26265 · Cited by 228 · see citing works

Authors: Davignon, J., Gregg, R. E., & Sing, C. F.
Affiliations: Montreal Clinical Research Institute (CA)
ORCID: Davignon, J
Gregg, R E
Sing, C F
Venue: Arteriosclerosis: An Official Journal of the American Heart Association, Inc.
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1988-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-21
ISSN: 0276-5047 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.8.1.1
OpenAlex: W2066644955
Cited by: 1,981
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 49
FWCI: 83.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Arteriosclerosis An Official Journal of the American Heart Association Inc (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL24489, HL-39107)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Keywords: APOE polymorphism, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia, LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein metabolism, gene-environment interaction, type III hyperlipoproteinemia, cardiovascular risk assessment, genetic susceptibility
MeSH terms: Alleles, Apolipoproteins, Apolipoproteins E, Arteriosclerosis, Coronary Disease, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Phenotype, Polymorphism, Genetic, Radiography, Risk Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and atherosclerosis.

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks