Cited by 291Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesFatty Acid Research and HealthLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

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A saturated fatty acid–rich diet induces an obesity-linked proinflammatory gene expression profile in adipose tissue of subjects at risk of metabolic syndrome

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van Dijk, Susan J, Feskens, Edith JM, Bos, Marieke B, Hoelen, Dianne WM, Heijligenberg, Rik, Bromhaar, Mechteld Grootte, de Groot, Lisette CPGM, de Vries, Jeanne HM, Müller, Michael, Afman, Lydia A·2009·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27792

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Abstract

Background Changes in dietary fat composition could lower the risk of developing metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue is an interesting tissue in this respect because of its role in lipid metabolism and inflammation.Objective Our objective was to investigate the effect of a saturated fatty acid (SFA)- and a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich diet on insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and gene expression profiles of adipose tissue in subjects at risk of metabolic syndrome.Design A parallel controlled-feeding trial was conducted in 20 abdominally overweight subjects. Subjects received an SFA diet or a MUFA diet for 8 wk. Plasma and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were obtained, and insulin sensitivity was measured by using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Adipose tissue samples underwent whole-genome microarray and histologic analysis. Plasma and adipose tissue fatty acid composition and concentrations of serum cholesterol and plasma cytokine were determined.Results Consumption of the SFA diet resulted in increased expression of genes involved in inflammation processes in adipose tissue, without changes in morphology or insulin sensitivity. The MUFA diet led to a more antiinflammatory gene expression profile, which was accompanied by a decrease in serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations and an increase in plasma and adipose tissue oleic acid content.Conclusions Consumption of an SFA diet resulted in a proinflammatory "obesity-linked" gene expression profile, whereas consumption of a MUFA diet caused a more antiinflammatory profile. This suggests that replacement of dietary SFA with MUFA could prevent adipose tissue inflammation and may reduce the risk of inflammation-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00405197.

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Relationship between monounsaturated fatty acids and sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
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Skeletal muscle inflammation is not responsible for the rapid impairment in adiponectin response with high-fat feeding in rats
Mullen, K. L., Tishinsky, J. M., Robinson, L. E., & Dyck, D. J. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00080.2010 · Cited by 16
“pIKK , pI B , and pNF- B, and plasma CRP, TNF , MCP-1) since SAT FA have been reported to trigger inflammation in several tissues and cell types (28, 30, 37, 44).”
Grasas de la dieta y salud cardiovascular
Fernández, L. C., Serra, J. D., Álvarez, J. R. M., Alberich, R. S., & Jiménez, F. P. (2011) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2010.12.003 · Cited by 16
Microarray Evidences the Role of Pathologic Adipose Tissue in Insulin Resistance and Their Clinical Implications
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Fatty acids in Great Lakes lake trout and whitefish
Pantazopoulos, P., Sawyer, J. M., Turyk, M. E., Diamond, M. L., Bhavsar, S. P., Mergler, D., Schantz, S. L., Ratnayake, N., & Carpenter, D. O. (2013) · Journal of Great Lakes Research · doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2012.12.012 · Cited by 14
Docosahexaenoic acid increases accumulation of adipocyte triacylglycerol through up-regulation of lipogenic gene expression in pigs
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Effect of substituting saturated with monounsaturated fatty acids on serum visfatin levels and insulin resistance in overweight women: A randomized cross-over clinical trial
Haghighatdoost, F., Hosseinzadeh‐Attar, M. J., Akram, K., Eshraghian, M., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2012) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2012.665044 · Cited by 14
“High SFA intake was found to act as a down-regulator of adiponectin gene expression (Matsuzawa et al. 2004) and inducer of proinflammatory status by enhancing serum IL-6 levels (van Dijk et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluential
Comparison of free fatty acid content of human milk from Taiwanese mothers and infant formula
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Gene expression of adipose tissue, endothelial cells and platelets in subjects with metabolic syndrome (Review)
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“PPARs, C/EBPs, ChREBPs and SREBPs have been identified as regulators of distinct metabolic pathways during the transcription of genes expressed in MS (18).”
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Dietary fatty acids kand inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease
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“[17] For Japanese men, but not women, there is an inverse relationship between dietary intake of both n‑3 and n‑6 PUFA and hs‑CRP.[29] In a randomized crossover study, IL‑6 concentrations were lower after consumption of oleic acid than after consumption of the SFAs;[30] however, no effects on CRP and IL‑6 were observe…”
Background
Determining Cutoff Point of Ensemble Trees Based on Sample Size in Predicting Clinical Dose with DNA Microarray Data
Işıkhan, S. Y., Karabulut, E., & Alpar, C. R. (2016) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2016/6794916 · Cited by 13
Neither linoleic acid nor arachidonic acid promote white adipose tissue inflammation in Fads2-/- mice fed low fat diets
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Potential Interplay between Dietary Saturated Fats and Genetic Variants of the NLRP3 Inflammasome to Modulate Insulin Resistance and Diabetes Risk: Insights from a Meta‐Analysis of 19 005 Individuals
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Lifestyle Modification: Evaluation of the Effects of Physical Activity and Low-Glycemic-Index Mediterranean Diet on Fibrosis Score
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“Furthermore, the supply of antioxidants such as vitamins, selenium, and polyphenols contributes to a reduced production of proinflammatory mediators and ROS [37].”
Background
Effect of cinnamon essential oil dietary supplementation on the growth, fatty acid composition, and meat quality of tilapia
Liu, X., Li, H., He, D., Wang, P., Li, Y., & Wu, K. (2023) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/1750-3841.16756 · Cited by 11
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Peripancreatic Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Inflammation during High Fat Intake of Palm Oils or Lard in Rats
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Background
Metabolic Syndrome and DNA Damage: The Interplay of Environmental and Lifestyle Factors in the Development of Metabolic Dysfunction
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Direct association between high fat dietary pattern and risk of being in the higher stages of chronic kidney disease
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Multiple Functional Ingredient Approach in Formulating Dietary Supplement for Management of Diabetes: A Review
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Association between saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions in total fat intake and mortality risk: mediation by the neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio
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“Dietary replacement of SFA with unsaturated fatty acids might modulate inflammatory responses by suppressing pro-inflammatory pathways and mediators, thereby reducing the risks of inflammation-related diseases [17–19].”
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Mozafarinia, M., Heidari‐Beni, M., Abbasi, B., & Kelishadi, R. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03307-0 · Cited by 9
Comparing the effects of meal replacements with an isocaloric reduced‐fat diet on nutrient intake and lower urinary tract symptoms in obese men
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Knowledge Mapping of Dietary Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Research: Hotspots, Knowledge Structure, and Theme Trends
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Grasas de la dieta y salud cardiovascular
Fernández, L. C., Serra, J. D., Álvarez, J. R. M., Solà, R., & Pérez‐Jiménez, F. (2011) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0214-9168(11)70001-8 · Cited by 11
A Mediterranean-style diet protects against cognitive and behavioral deficits, adiposity, and Alzheimer's disease-related markers, compared to a macronutrient-matched typical American diet in C57BL/6J mice
Braden-Kuhle, P. N., Lacy, V. A., Brice, K. N., Bertrand, M. E., Uras, H. B., Shoffner, C., Fischer, B. E., Rana, A., Willis, J. L., Boehm, G. W., et al. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251319467 · Cited by 8
Characterization of sexual dimorphism in ANGPTL4 levels and function
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Effects of Bamboo Stem Extracts on Adipogenic Differentiation and Lipid Metabolism Regulating Genes
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Dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids differentially modulate the adiponectin and leptinmediated major signaling pathways in visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue in high fat diet induced obesity in Wistar rats.
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Implication of saturated fats in the aetiology of childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder – A narrative review
Morandini, H. A. E., Watson, P. A., Stewart, R. M., Wong, J. W. Y., Rao, P., & Zepf, F. D. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.10.004 · Cited by 7
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A pro-inflammatory diet increases the risk of sarcopenia components and inflammatory biomarkers in postmenopausal women
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Ageing, Metabolic Dysfunction, and the Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants
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“Second, alteration in the fatty acids present in HFHSD from monounsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid due to Kal-1 is another possibility as circulating saturated fatty acids play a key role in obesity [20].”
Background
Extrinsic and intrinsic regulation of DOR/TP53INP2 expression in mice: effects of dietary fat content, tissue type and sex in adipose and muscle tissues
Fromm‐Dornieden, C., Lytovchenko, O., von der Heyde, S., Behnke, N., Hogl, S., Berghoff, J., Köpper, F., Opitz, L., Renne, U., Hoeflich, A., et al. (2012) · Nutrition & Metabolism · doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-86 · Cited by 7
“In a human study, abdominally overweight patients were subjected to two different diets: one rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and one rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) for 8 weeks [35].”
Method

Authors: van Dijk, S. J., Feskens, E. J., Bos, M. B., Hoelen, D. W., Heijligenberg, R., Bromhaar, M. G., de Groot, L. C., de Vries, J. H., Müller, M., & Afman, L. A.
Affiliations: TiFN (NL)
Corresponding author: Afman, Lydia A
ORCID: Feskens, Edith JM
Müller, Michael
Afman, Lydia A
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-12
Volume: 90
Issue: 6
Pages: 1656-1664
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27792
OpenAlex: W2113492975
Cited by: 291
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 15.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 4842 d)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (acceptedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (20060052)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords: saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, dietary fat composition, adipose tissue inflammation, metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, gene expression profiles, oleic acid, LDL cholesterol, overweight, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, cytokines
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Adult, Aged, Complement C3, Fatty Acids, Female, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Chemokine CCL5, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Gene Expression Profiling, Metabolic Syndrome, PPAR gamma, Adiponectin

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A saturated fatty acid–rich diet induces an obesity-linked proinflammatory gene expression profile in adipose tissue of subjects at risk of metabolic syndrome

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