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Cited by 64Phytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesFood composition and propertiesNutritional Studies and Diet

Plasma pharmacokinetics of alkylresorcinol metabolites: new candidate biomarkers for whole-grain rye and wheat intake

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Söderholm, Päivi P, Koskela, Anja H, Lundin, Johan E, Tikkanen, Matti J, Adlercreutz, Herman C·2009·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28290
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Abstract

Background Alkylresorcinols are phenolic compounds that are present almost exclusively in rye and wheat fiber. Alkylresorcinols are absorbed and thereafter metabolized to 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA) and 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA), which have been detected in human urine and plasma.Objective The objective was to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of DHBA and DHPPA in human subjects to estimate whether they show potential as biomarkers for whole-grain rye and/or wheat intake.Design Fifteen human volunteers followed a low-alkylresorcinol diet for 2 d before ingesting a single dose of high-fiber rye bread containing 100 mg alkylresorcinols [corrected]. Plasma samples were collected for 25 h, and the alkylresorcinol metabolites were quantified by HPLC with coulometric electrode array detection.Results Maximum concentrations were reached at approximately 6 h for both metabolites, although interindividual variation was found. The half-life was significantly (P < 0.0002) longer for DHPPA (16.3 h) than for DHBA (10.1 h). No significant differences were discovered between women and men in the half-life of each metabolite, which, from a pharmacokinetic point of view, is the most important parameter. The area under the curve differed significantly between DHBA and DHPPA (P < 0.0001) and between women and men (P = 0.03 for DHBA and P = 0.01 for DHPPA). However, when corrected for body weight, the difference between sexes was no longer significant.Conclusions Our results suggest that DHBA and DHPPA are both good candidate biomarkers for whole-grain rye and/or wheat intake; however, DHPPA is the better indicator because of its longer half-life. This could provide a practical tool when investigating the association between diet and diseases.

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  • Polyphenols, alkylresorcinols, and amino acids have half-lives that do not exceed 24 hours.

    “Some of the biomarkers listed in Table 1 have half-lives that do not exceed 24 h [polyphenols, alkylresorcinols, and amino acids (34,35)].”

    From The food metabolome: a window over dietary exposure (2014) · cites this paper as [35]

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Authors
Söderholm, P. P., Koskela, A. H., Lundin, J. E., Tikkanen, M. J., & Adlercreutz, H. C.
Affiliations
  • Folkhälsans Forskningscentrum (FI)
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
Corresponding author
Söderholm, Päivi P
ORCID
Lundin, Johan E
Venue
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-11
Volume
90
Issue
5
Pages
1167-1171
ISSN
0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3945/ajcn.2009.28290
OpenAlex
W2112388276
Cited by
64
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
FWCI
3.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
alkylresorcinols, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, plasma pharmacokinetics, whole grain rye, whole wheat, dietary biomarkers, dietary fiber intake, rye bread, half-life, sex differences, interindividual variability
MeSH terms
Adult, Body Weight, Energy Intake, Catechols, Edible Grain, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Female, Humans, Male, Phenylpyruvic Acids, Resorcinols, Triticum, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Area Under Curve, Young Adult

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