Women in Resource-Poor Settings Are at Risk of Inadequate Intakes of Multiple Micronutrients
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A systematic review was conducted to identify all studies that were published between 1988 and 2008 reporting micronutrient intakes of women in resource-poor settings. Inclusion criteria were study location (resource-poor), dietary assessment method (24-h recall, estimated/weighed record, or locally validated FFQ), energy and 1 or more micronutrient intakes reported (vitamin A, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, iron, or zinc), age range (15-50 y), sample size (≥30), and sex (female). Of the 1560 papers identified, 52 papers were included. Results showed that, except for vitamin A (29%), vitamin C (34%), and niacin (34%), the reported mean/median intakes in over 50% of studies were below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR). Folate intake was most often below EAR (91% of studies). Regional differences were apparent for intakes of vitamins A, C, and B-6 and riboflavin; mean/median intakes in Latin America exceeded the EAR, whereas in Asia, reported mean/median intakes of vitamin C, vitamin A, and riboflavin were below the EAR in 47, 50, and 77% of the studies, respectively, as was the case for vitamin B-6 in 75% of the studies in Africa. These results suggest that inadequate intakes of multiple micronutrients are common among women living in resource-poor settings and emphasize the need for increased attention to the quality of women's diets. There is a need for more high-quality studies of women's micronutrient intakes.
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Women of reproductive age (15-49 years) are particularly vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies because of their higher micronutrient needs.
“Women of reproductive age (15‐49 years old) are particularly vulnerable because of their higher micronutrient needs (Torheim, Ferguson, Penrose, & Arimond, 2010).”
From Minimum dietary diversity among women of reproductive age in urban Burkina Faso (2020) · cites this paper as Torheim, Ferguson, Penrose, & Arimond, 2010
The Introduction says women need adequate micronutrient stores before pregnancy to meet the high demands of pregnancy and lactation. The Discussion links higher requirements specifically to greater risk of inadequate intakes among pregnant women than nonpregnant, nonlactating women. The paper does not attribute the vulnerability of all women aged 15–49 to higher needs; it also identifies poor-quality diets in resource-poor settings as a major reason for risk. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Torheim, L. E., Ferguson, E. L., Penrose, K., & Arimond, M.
- Affiliations
- Fafo Foundation (NO)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Torheim, Liv Elin
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 140
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2051S-2058S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167576186
- Cited by
- 240
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IFPRI E-brary (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion)
- CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- International Food Policy Research Institute (International Food Policy Research Institute) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- United States Agency for International Development (GHN‐A‐00‐08‐00001‐00, 00001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
- Keywords
- micronutrient intake, women's nutrition, resource-limited settings, vitamin A, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin B6, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, iron, zinc, nutritional adequacy, estimated average requirement
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Deficiency Diseases, Developing Countries, Diet, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Poverty Areas, Risk Factors, Micronutrients, Young Adult
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