Milk Intakes Are Not Associated with Percent Body Fat in Children from Ages 10 to 13 Years
Open accessAbstract
Epidemiologic studies report conflicting results for the relationship between milk intake and adiposity in children. We examined prospective and cross-sectional associations between milk intake and percent body fat among 2245 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Cross-sectional analyses were performed at age 13 y between total, full-fat, and reduced-fat milk intake assessed using 3-d dietary records and body fat from DXA. Prospective analyses were conducted between milk intakes at age 10 y and body fat at 11 and 13 y. Models were adjusted for age, sex, height, physical activity, pubertal status, maternal BMI, maternal education, and intakes of total fat, sugar-sweetened beverages, 100% fruit juice, and ready-to-eat cereals; baseline BMI was added to prospective models. Subset analyses were performed for those with plausible dietary intakes. Mean milk consumption at 10 and 13 y was (mean ± SD) 0.90 ± 0.73 and 0.85 ± 0.78 servings/d [1 serving = 8 oz of milk (244 g of plain and 250 g flavored milk)], respectively. Cross-sectional results indicated an inverse association between full-fat milk intake and body fat [β = -0.47 (95% CI = -0.76, -0.19); P = 0.001]. Milk intake at age 10 y was inversely associated with body fat at 11 y [β = -0.16 g/d (95%CI = -0.28, -0.04); P = 0.01], but not among those with plausible dietary intakes, suggesting that this association was influenced by dietary measurement errors. Milk intake was not associated with body fat at age 13 y after adjustment. Although our prospective results corroborate other findings of a null associations between milk intake and adiposity, our inconsistent findings across analyses suggest further investigation is needed to clarify the relation, and accounting for dietary reporting errors is an important consideration.
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Children who habitually drink low-fat milk gain more weight, and those who drink whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.
“that children who habitually drink low-fat milk gain more weight, and those who drink whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.62-66”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [66]
Children who drink more low-fat milk gain more weight, while those who drink more whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.
“For instance, children who drink more low-fat milk gain more weight, while those who drink more whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.62-66”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [66]
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“Some concern has been presented on the consumption of flavored milk even though flavored milk has not shown to be associated with increased weight [22].”
BackgroundMatłosz, P., Wyszyńska, J., Czarny, W., Mazur, A., & Herbert, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031140 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gutierrez, E., Metcalfe, J. J., & Prescott, M. P. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14091892 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“, 2011 [68] Prospective Cohort Study Age Range: 10–13 n = 2245 UK Children Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Quality Rating: Strong Determine the association between milk type and weight status in children aged 10–13 ↑ Consumption of full-fat milk was associated with lower body fat at age 10 (cross secti…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLifestyle Behaviors Associated With Body Fat Percent in 9- to 11-Year-Old Children
Swindell, N. J., Berridge, D. M., McNarry, M. A., Mackintosh, K. A., Boddy, L. M., Fairclough, S. J., & Stratton, G. (2021) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2020-0010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviours such as skipping 48 breakfast, screen time, and the consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, have been 49 implicated in the development of obesity in children (8,9).”
BackgroundResultLizzi, M., Sgrazzutti, L., Porreca, A., Filippo, P. D., Cauzzo, C., Pillo, S. D., Chiarelli, F., & Attanasi, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1219195 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“(35) also found no association between milk intake and percentage of body fat.”
BackgroundLo, H. W. H., Prashad, M., Duncan, A. M., Vallis, L. A., Haines, J., David, W. L., Buchholz, A. C., & Study, O. B. O. T. G. F. H. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research · doi:10.3148/cjdpr-2025-009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Milk Consumption and Health Beliefs and Its Relation to BMI in College Students
Platkin, C. (2016) · Obesity & Weight Loss · doi:10.24966/owl-7372/1000002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gažarová, M. (2023) · Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica/Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica · doi:10.15414/afz.2023.26.03.223-235 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dairy Products and Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Abreu, S. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809868-4.00006-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
3 Weight Management and Obesity
Marette, A., Picard-Deland, É., & Fernandez, M. A. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b21826-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alejandro, J., & Martiarena, J. A. A. (2013) · Cybertesis (National University of San Marcos)
Dietary Calcium and Overweight in Preschoolers: Is There an Association?
Nobre, L. N., Araújo, S. P., Sobrinho, P. D. S. C., Silva, K. C., Ferreira, S. E. D. C., Moreira, L. L., Lamounier, J. A., & Franceschin, S. D. C. C. (2018) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2018.94027
“Others researchers also found that volunteers with lower calcium intake presented with higher adiposity [5] and BMI in girls [10] or in the overall sample [6] [8] [11].”
BackgroundResultSchmidt, K. A. (2020) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Llanos, J. E. D. L. C., & Yacila, E. F. M. (2020) · Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) · doi:10.19083/tesis/654719
Plant-based milk alternatives or dairy milk for optimal human health and economy, a comparison
Nosworthy, M. G., & Medina, G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21714-2.00004-3
Zeng, X., Wang, Y., Yang, W., Chen, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25299-z
“Similarly, Noel et al. reported a negative association between full-fat dairy intake and body fat ( β = -0.47, 95 % CI (-0.76, -0.19)) [33].”
Influential
- Authors
- Noel, S. E., Ness, A. R., Northstone, K., Emmett, P., & Newby, P. K.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Newby, P.K.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2035-2041
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3192461
- OpenAlex
- W2101868953
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- Wellcome Trust (092731)
- Sociedad Española de Nefrología
- University of Bristol
- Medical Research Council
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL071248-01A, R01HL071248)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- milk consumption, body fat percentage, childhood adiposity, whole milk, reduced-fat milk
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Animals, Body Composition, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, England, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Milk, Prospective Studies
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