Prospective Association between Milk Intake and Adiposity in Preschool-Aged Children
Open accessAbstract
Objective To determine whether the quantity and type of milk (whole, reduced fat, or 1%/nonfat) consumed at age 2 years is associated with adiposity at age 3 years.Design We assessed milk and dairy intake at age 2 years with food frequency questionnaires completed by mothers. Our primary outcomes were body mass index (BMI; calculated as kg/m(2)), z score and overweight at age 3 years, defined as BMI for age and sex >or=85th percentile.Subjects/setting Eight-hundred and fifty-two preschool-aged children in the prospective US cohort Project Viva.Statistical analyses Linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for maternal BMI and education, paternal BMI, and child age, sex, race/ethnicity, intake of energy, nondairy beverages, television viewing, and BMI z score at age 2 years were used.Results At age 2 years, mean milk intake was 2.6 (standard deviation 1.2) servings per day. Higher intake of whole milk at age 2, but not reduced-fat milk, was associated with a slightly lower BMI z score (-0.09 unit per daily serving [95% confidence interval: -0.16 to -0.01]) at age 3 years; when restricted to children with a normal BMI (5th to <85th percentile) at age 2 years, the association was null (-0.05 unit per daily serving [95% confidence interval: -0.13 to 0.02]). Intake of milk at age 2 years, whether full- or reduced-fat, was not associated with risk of incident overweight at age 3 years. Neither total milk nor total dairy intake at age 2 years was associated with BMI z score or incident overweight at age 3 years.Conclusion Neither consuming more dairy products, nor switching from whole milk to reduced-fat milk at age 2 years, appears likely to prevent overweight in early childhood.
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Children who habitually drink low-fat milk gain more weight, and those who drink whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.
“that children who habitually drink low-fat milk gain more weight, and those who drink whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.62-66”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
Children who drink more low-fat milk gain more weight, while those who drink more whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.
“For instance, children who drink more low-fat milk gain more weight, while those who drink more whole-fat milk gain less weight, over time.62-66”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
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- Authors
- Huh, S. Y., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Taveras, E. M., & Gillman, M. W.
- Affiliations
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Huh, Susanna Y.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 563-570
- ISSN
- 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3229928
- OpenAlex
- W2054872188
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 7.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HD34568, HD64925, HL68041)
- Rexall Cy Pres Fund
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- milk consumption, whole milk, reduced-fat milk, childhood adiposity, childhood overweight, BMI z-score, preschool children, dairy consumption, Project Viva cohort, infant nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Beverages, Energy Intake, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Dietary Fats, Female, Humans, Male, Milk, Nutrition Surveys, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Television, United States, Cohort Studies, Body Mass Index, Incidence, Linear Models, Logistic Models, Adiposity, Overweight
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