The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease

Kratz, Mario; Baars, Ton; Guyenet, Stephan

doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0418-1

Cited by 422Nutritional Studies and DietFatty Acid Research and HealthGut microbiota and health

The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease

Kratz, Mario, Baars, Ton, Guyenet, Stephan·2013·European Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1007/s00394-012-0418-1

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Abstract

Purpose To comprehensively review the data on the relationship between the consumption of dairy fat and high-fat dairy foods, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease.Methods We have conducted a systematic literature review of observational studies on the relationship between dairy fat and high-fat dairy foods, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease. We have integrated these findings with data from controlled studies showing effects of several minor dairy fatty acids on adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors, and data on how bovine feeding practices influence the composition of dairy fat.Results In 11 of 16 studies, high-fat dairy intake was inversely associated with measures of adiposity. Studies examining the relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and metabolic health reported either an inverse or no association. Studies investigating the connection between high-fat dairy intake and diabetes or cardiovascular disease incidence were inconsistent. We discuss factors that may have contributed to the variability between studies, including differences in (1) the potential for residual confounding; (2) the types of high-fat dairy foods consumed; and (3) bovine feeding practices (pasture- vs. grain-based) known to influence the composition of dairy fat.Conclusions The observational evidence does not support the hypothesis that dairy fat or high-fat dairy foods contribute to obesity or cardiometabolic risk, and suggests that high-fat dairy consumption within typical dietary patterns is inversely associated with obesity risk. Although not conclusive, these findings may provide a rationale for future research into the bioactive properties of dairy fat and the impact of bovine feeding practices on the health effects of dairy fat.

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In cohorts utilizing objective blood biomarkers, greater dairy fat consumption is associated with lower incidence of diabetes and CHD, with mixed findings for stroke.
“In cohorts utilizing objective blood biomarkers, greater dairy fat consumption is associated with lower incidence of diabetes59-61, 242, 243 and CHD,39, 244, 245 with mixed findings for stroke.246”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [242]

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Bonthuis, M., Hughes, M. C. B., Ibiebele, T. I., Green, A. C., & van der Pols, J. C. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.45 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Adolescent dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women
Malik, V., Sun, Q., van Dam, R. M., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., ROSNER, B. A., & Hu, F. B. (2011) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.009621 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Very-Long-Chain and Branched-Chain Fatty Acyl-CoAs Are High Affinity Ligands for the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α (PPARα)
Hostetler, H. A., Kier, A. B., & Schroeder, F. (2006) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi060198l · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Dairy Foods and Risk of Stroke
Larsson, S., Männistö, S., Virtanen, M., Kontto, J., Albanes, D., & Virtamo, J. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181935dd5 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
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Food sources of individual plasma phospholipid trans fatty acid isomers: the Cardiovascular Health Study
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Association between dairy food consumption and weight change over 9 y in 19 352 perimenopausal women
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Lambert, E. V., Goedecke, J. H., Bluett, K., Heggie, K., Claassen, A., Rae, D. E., West, S. J., Dugas, J. P., Dugas, L. R., Meltzer, S., et al. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507172822 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Phytanic acid—an overlooked bioactive fatty acid in dairy fat?
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Dairy intake and coronary heart disease or stroke—A population-based cohort study
Dalmeijer, G. W., Struijk, E. A., van der Schouw, Y. T., Soedamah‐Muthu, S. S., Verschuren, W. M. M., Boer, J. M. A., Geleijnse, J. M., & Beulens, J. W. J. (2012) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.094 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
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Conjugated linoleic acid increased C-reactive protein in human subjects
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The effect of 6 months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on insulin resistance in overweight and obese
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Intake of milk fat, reflected in adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: a case–control study
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation for 8 Weeks Does Not Affect Body Composition, Lipid Profile, or Safety Biomarkers in Overweight, Hyperlipidemic Men
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Obesity Modifies the Relations Between Serum Markers of Dairy Fats and Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Among Adolescents
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Influence of feeding various quantities of wet and dry distillers grains to finishing steers on carcass characteristics, meat quality, retail-case life of ground beef, and fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle1
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“Of the six studies that fall into this category [19, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32], four reported inverse associations between dairy fat intake and obesity risk [19, 23, 24, 29].”
Background
A prospective study of intake oftrans-fatty acids from ruminant fat, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, and marine oils and mortality from CVD
Laake, I., Pedersen, J. I., Selmer, R. M., Kirkhus, B., Lindman, A. S., Tverdal, A., & Veierød, M. B. (2011) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511005897 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Phytanic acid, a novel activator of uncoupling protein-1 gene transcription and brown adipocyte differentiation
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Effect of dairy fat on plasma phytanic acid in healthy volunteers - a randomized controlled study
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THE REGULATION OF RBST: THE EUROPEAN CASE
Brinckman, D. (2000) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dairy Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men: A Prospective Study
Choi, H. K. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.9.997 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Determining the Competitive Edge: Diversified Dairy Production Systems in the United States and the European UnionPreprint
Sauer, J., Nehring, R. F., Gillespie, J., et al. (2010) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.61149 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

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Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Milk and dairy consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., Ding, E. L., Al-Delaimy, W. K., Hu, F. B., Engberink, M. F., Willett, W. C., & Geleijnse, J. M. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29866 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
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Food sources of fat may clarify the inconsistent role of dietary fat intake for incidence of type 2 diabetes
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Dairy product consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in an elderly Spanish Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk
Díaz-López, A., Bulló, M., Martínez-González, M. A., Corella, D., Estruch, R., Fitó, M., Gómez-Gracia, E., Fiol, M., García de la Corte, F. J., Ros, E., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0855-8 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
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Coenzyme Q10 Improves Lipid Metabolism and Ameliorates Obesity by Regulating CaMKII-Mediated PDE4 Inhibition
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Dairy fat intake is associated with glucose tolerance, hepatic and systemic insulin sensitivity, and liver fat but not β-cell function in humans
Kratz, M., Marcovina, S., Nelson, J. E., Yeh, M. M., Kowdley, K. V., Callahan, H. S., Song, X., Di, C., & Utzschneider, K. M. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.075457 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Critical Review of the Role of Milk and Other Dairy Products in the Development of Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Dougkas, A., Barr, S., Reddy, S., & Summerbell, C. D. (2019) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422418000227 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Consumption of low-fat dairy foods for 6 months improves insulin resistance without adversely affecting lipids or bodyweight in healthy adults: a randomized free-living cross-over study
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Metabolic responses to dietary leucine restriction involve remodeling of adipose tissue and enhanced hepatic insulin signaling
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Kefir drink leads to a similar weight loss, compared with milk, in a dairy-rich non-energy-restricted diet in overweight or obese premenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial
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Remodeling of lipid metabolism by dietary restriction of essential amino acids
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The effect of whey protein on the components of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese individuals; a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Authors: Kratz, M., Baars, T., & Guyenet, S.
Affiliations: Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
Forschungsinstitut für Biologischen Landbau (CH)
University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author: Kratz, Mario
ORCID: Kratz, Mario
Baars, Ton
Guyenet, Stephan
Venue: European Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-07-19
Volume: 52
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-24
ISSN: 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
1436-6215
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0418-1
OpenAlex: W2077936854
Cited by: 422
References: 104
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 4.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Keywords: high-fat dairy, milk fat, obesity, cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, adiposity, pasture grazing, residual confounding
MeSH terms: Body Weight, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Dairy Products, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Fats, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Risk Factors, Metabolic Syndrome, Adiposity

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The relationship between high-fat dairy consumption and obesity, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease

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