The Technology Acceptance Model: A Meta-Analysis of Empirical Findings
Abstract
The technology acceptance model proposes that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness predict the acceptance of information technology. Since its inception, the model has been tested with various applications in tens of studies and has become the most widely applied model of user acceptance and usage. Nevertheless, the reported findings on the model are mixed in terms of statistical significance, direction, and magnitude. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 26 selected empirical studies in order to synthesize the empirical evidence. The results suggest that both the correlation between usefulness and acceptance, and that between usefulness and ease of use are somewhat strong. However, the relationship between ease of use and acceptance is weak, and its significance does not pass the fail-safe test.
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Meta-analysis is a valuable tool for research synthesis and an operative instrument for hypothesis testing.
“Prior research shows that meta-analysis is a valuable tool for research synthesis (Hwang 1996; Lee et al. 2003; Ma and Liu 2004; Wu and Lederer 2009) and an operative instrument for hypothesis testing”
From Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model (2019) · cites this paper as Ma and Liu 2004
The comprehensive search strategy minimized source bias, maximized the number of studies, and increased the quality of the meta-analysis.
“This comprehensive search strategy allowed us to minimize the source bias, maximize the number of studies, and therefore increase the quality of the meta-analysis (Ma and Liu 2004) to be performed.”
From Re-examining the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT): Towards a Revised Theoretical Model (2019) · cites this paper as Ma and Liu 2004
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The Technology Acceptance Model: Its past and its future in health care
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“On the bright side, our results show great consistency with several other meta-analysis results (Lee et al., 2003; Legris et al., 2003; Ma and Liu, 2004).”
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“…of 26 TAM research studies indicated that among the three constructs of TAM, PEOU, PU and technology acceptance, both the relationships between PEOU and PU, and between PU and technology acceptance are strong, while the relationship between PEOU and technology acceptance is weak (Ma and Liu, 2004).”
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“The technology acceptance model (TAM)[13] is possibly the most widely-used framework in the field of IS for measuring technology acceptance[4, 39-41], and its high validity has been proven empirically in many previous studies[42-44].”
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A meta-analysis of mobile commerce adoption and the moderating effect of culture
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“As a result, PU and PEU exert a signi fi cant in fl uence on an individual ’ s intention to use a new technology or system (Huang & Liaw, 2007; Liaw, Huang, & Chen, 2007, Ma & Liu, 2004; Weibel et al., 2012).”
Technology acceptance: a meta-analysis of the TAM: part 2
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“Numerous studies have supported the theoretical postulates of TAM, and several meta-analyses [17,18] and review articles [8,19] have noted the importance of the model in understanding the process of acceptance and use of information technology.”
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“Nevertheless, PEU and PU remain the two most robust components in several recent TAM meta-analyses (King & He, 2006; Ma & Liu, 2004; Schepers & Wetzels, 2007; Yousafzai, Foxall, & Pallister, 2007).”
BackgroundExamining the technology acceptance model in the adoption of social networks
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“A similar number of studies were also utilized in previous meta-analyses research (Deng et al. 2005; Legris et al. 2003; Ma and Liu 2004).”
MethodResultInfluentialToward a better understanding of behavioral intention and system usage constructs
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“This comprehensive search strategy enables us to reduce the source bias, maximize the number of studies, and thus increase the quality of this meta-analysis (Ma & Liu, 2004).”
MethodResultInvestigating end-user acceptance of autonomous electric buses to accelerate diffusion
Herrenkind, B., Brendel, B., Nastjuk, I., Greve, M., & Kolbe, L. M. (2019) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2019.08.003 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
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“Furthermore, other researchers (e.g. Bhattacherjee, 2001a; Ma and Liu, 2004; Van der Heijden et al., 2003) indicate that ease of use has the greatest most effect on acceptance after a certain threshold.”
BackgroundLearning management systems and technology acceptance models: A systematic review
Al-Nuaimi, M. N., & Al‐Emran, M. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10513-3 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“…being the case, a wide range of systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses have scrutinized the consistently accumulating related literature for the factors influencing technology and e-learning acceptance in general (Brown, 2016; Ma & Liu, 2004; Schepers & Wetzels, 2007; Šumak et al., 2011).”
Backgrounde-Shopping acceptance: A qualitative and meta-analytic review
Ingham, J., Cadieux, J., & Berrada, A. M. (2014) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2014.10.002 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
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“The role of PEU in technology acceptance has also been well documented in the TAM research (Ma & Liu, 2004; Schepers & Wetzels, 2007).”
BackgroundAbu-Dalbouh (2013) · Journal of Computer Science · doi:10.3844/jcssp.2013.763.770 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, 1989; Davis et al ., 1989) is possibly the most frequently used among all other theories (Ma and Liu, 2004; Kim and Chang, 2007; Yarbrough and Smith, 2007).”
BackgroundInvestigating the drivers of internet banking adoption decision
Gounaris, S. P., & Koritos, C. (2008) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/02652320810894370 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
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“PEOU–PU relationship in pre-decision is included since it has been examined by almost all individual-level TAM meta-analyses (Ma and Liu, 2004; King and He, 2006; Yousafzai et al., 2007; Schepers and Wetzels, 2007).”
MethodTowards an integrated model of IT acceptance in healthcare
Moores, T. T. (2012) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2012.04.014 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Theoretical and Empirical Considerations of Guests’ Perceptions of Biometric Systems in Hotels
Morosan, C. V. (2010) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348010380601 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Moreover, a number of meta-analyses concluded that TAM is very useful model to examine adoption of new technologies (Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003; Ma & Liu, 2004; Schepers & Wetzels, 2007).”
BackgroundHasan, B. (2006) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2005.11.005 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
A study of e‐recruitment technology adoption in Malaysia
Tong, D. Y. K. (2009) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/02635570910930145 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Lin, C.-H., Lin, I.-C., & Roan, J. (2011) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-011-9656-7 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“In the past two decades, exceed 100 empirical studies of the TAM have been conducted in many different contexts and shown to support the validity of the model’s constructs ( 15 , 27).”
BackgroundMethodMobile payments in India: the privacy factor
Sinha, M., Majra, H., Hutchins, J., & Saxena, R. (2018) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-05-2017-0099 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Shopping on Social Networking Web Sites
Cha, J. (2009) · Journal of Interactive Advertising · doi:10.1080/15252019.2009.10722164 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis of the studies that have employed TAM confirms that perceived usefulness has a greater effect than perceived ease of use on the adoption of various new technologies or systems (Ma and Liu 2004).”
BackgroundWirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Rösch, M. (2017) · International Review of Administrative Sciences · doi:10.1177/0020852317719996 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Ease of use refers to the degree of effort that users believe is required to be able to use the technology (see Davis, 1986; Ma and Liu, 2004).”
BackgroundAn investigation of user perceptions and behavioral intentions towards the e-library
Jeong, H. (2011) · Library Collections Acquisitions and Technical Services · doi:10.1016/j.lcats.2011.03.018 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Among these frameworks, the TAM is one of the most in fl uential and most frequently tested models, and it has been widely applied to the explanation of general IT adoption in the IS literature (Cho, Cheng, & Lai, 2009; Ma & Liu, 2004).”
MethodDeterminants of readiness to adopt mHealth in a rural community of Bangladesh
Khatun, F., Heywood, A. E., RAY, P. K., Hanifi, S., Bhuiya, A., & Liaw, S. (2015) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2015.06.008 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), a widely reported model in the information technology/system (IT/S) literature, mainly considers the attitudes, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use [34].”
BackgroundChinese Older Adults’ Internet Use for Health Information
Wong, C. K. M., Yeung, D. Y.-L., Ho, H. C. Y., Tse, K.-P., & Lam, B. C. Y. (2012) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464812463430 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Inconsistent with previous research (Lee et al., 2003; Ma & Liu, 2004), perceived usefulness was not a significant predictor of behavioral intention of Internet use in the present study.”
ResultGhasemaghaei, M., & Hassanein, K. (2015) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2015.07.001 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“One of the key assumptions in a meta-analysis is the independence of studies included in the analysis [78,125].”
BackgroundPost-positivist Review of Technology Acceptance Model.
University of Houston, & Silva, L. (2007) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1jais.00121 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“For example, Ma and Liu (2004, pp 61-62) noticed how, in measuring TAM constructs, the reported results vary from researcher to researcher.”
BackgroundHofstede’s cultural dimensions in technology acceptance models: a meta-analysis
Jan, J., Alshare, K. A., & Lane, P. L. (2024) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-022-00930-7 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The effects of subjective norm and knowledge about riba on intention to use e-money in Indonesia
Aji, H. M., Berakon, I., & Riza, A. F. (2020) · Journal of Islamic marketing · doi:10.1108/jima-10-2019-0203 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Understanding user acceptance of multimedia messaging services: An empirical study
Lee, M., Cheung, C. M. K., & Chen, Z. (2007) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20670 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Laver, K., George, S., Ratcliffe, J., & Crotty, M. (2012) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.593682 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Davis’s [11] ‘Technology Acceptance Model’ (TAM) is one of the most widely recognised models used to explain user acceptance of technology, particularly in the workplace where it has been applied to email, word processing programs and the internet [12,13].”
BackgroundEngagement with information and communication technology and psychological well-being
O'Driscoll, M. P., Brough, P. A., Timms, C., & Sawang, S. (2010) · Research in occupational stress and well being · doi:10.1108/s1479-3555(2010)0000008010 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
An empirical analysis of online game service satisfaction and loyalty
Yang, H.-E., Wu, C., & Wang, K.-C. (2007) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2007.12.005 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“…on TAM with the conclusion that it is believed to be more parsimonious, predictive, and robust, especially, the correlation between usefulness and acceptance, and that between usefulness and ease of use are somewhat strong, but that between ease of use and acceptance is weak (Ma & Liu, 2004).”
BackgroundThe influence of students' ICT skills and their adoption of mobile learning
Callum, K. M., & Jeffrey, L. M. (2013) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.298 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Even though the TAM has been widely used, it has been criticised by some researchers for not giving consistent and conclusive results (Ma & Liu, 2004; Lee, Kozar, & Larsen, 2003; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultSector diversity in Green Information Technology practices: Technology Acceptance Model perspective
Akman, İ., & Mishra, A. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.009 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Measuring Senior Technology Acceptance: Development of a Brief, 14-Item Scale
Chen, K., & LOU, V. W. Q. (2020) · Innovation in Aging · doi:10.1093/geroni/igaa016 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Meta-analysis in information systems research: Review and recommendations
Jeyaraj, A., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102226 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Gerli, P., Clement, J., Esposito, G., Mora, L., & Crutzen, N. (2022) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121721 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Information system end-user satisfaction and continuance intention: A unified modeling approach
Hadji, B., & Patrice Degoulet, A. (2016) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2016.03.021 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Validation of Haptic Enabling Technology Acceptance Model (HE-TAM): Integration of IDT and TAM
Oh, J., & Yoon, S. (2014) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2014.01.002 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
What drives consumers' continuance intention to e‐shopping?
Al-maghrabi, T., & Dennis, C. (2011) · International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management · doi:10.1108/09590551111183308 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Indeed, some research indicates that ease of use has an inconsistent or insignificant effect on acceptance (e.g. Bhattacherjee, 2001a; Chau and Hu, 2001; Ma and Liu, 2004; van der Heijden et al. 2003; Townsend et al., 2001).”
BackgroundBansah, A. K., & Agyei, D. D. (2022) · Technology Pedagogy and Education · doi:10.1080/1475939x.2022.2027267 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Ma and Liu (2005) reiterated that, in adopting a new system, users should keep in mind that the ease of use of the system has a strong impact on the end users’ perception of its usefulness.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFactors affecting e-collaboration technology use among management students
Meléndez, A. P., Garrido‐Moreno, A., & Obra, A. R. D. Á. (2007) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2007.06.013 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“In particular, the TAM is very well known (Ma & Liu, 2004; Venkatesh, 2000; Venkatesh & Davis, 2000; Venkatesh, Speier, & Morris, 2002) (see Fig.”
MethodTeo, T. P. (2014) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2014.917110 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Examining the Effects of Computer Self-Efficacy and System Complexity on Technology Acceptance
Hasan, B. (2007) · Information Resources Management Journal · doi:10.4018/irmj.2007070106 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Replication and review studies of TAM have confirmed its robustness and reliability to predict and explain IS acceptance behavior (Legris, Ingham, & Collerette, 2003; Ma & Liu, 2004; Mahmood, Hall, & Swanberg, 2001).”
BackgroundEffects of interface style on user perceptions and behavioral intention to use computer systems
Hasan, B., & Ahmed, M. U. (2006) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2006.08.016 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
How we trust, perceive, and learn from virtual humans: The influence of voice quality
Chiou, E. K., Schroeder, N. L., & Craig, S. D. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103756 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Theoretical Perspectives of Adherence to Web-Based Interventions: a Scoping Review
Ryan, C., Bergin, M., & Wells, J. S. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9678-8 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Other meta-analytic reviews [66, 67] also support the predictive power of the mode.”
ResultFaculty's acceptance of computer based technology: Cross-validation of an extended model
Ahmad, T. B. T., Madarsha, K. B., Zainuddin, A. M. H., Ismail, N. A. H., & Nordin, M. S. (2010) · Australasian Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.14742/ajet.1095 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Ma and Liu (2004) observe that the “differences in measurement items between studies tend to be the result of adapting TAM to different technologies” (pp. 61-62).”
BackgroundUnderstanding Online Community Participation
Wang, H., Chung, J. E., Park, N., McLaughlin, M. L., & Fulk, J. L. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650211408593 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Technology acceptance is either tested in the form of behavioral intention or actual use; attitude as a mediator is largely omitted given its lack of validation early on (Ma & Liu, 2004; Yousafzai et al., 2007a, 2007b).”
BackgroundDeterminants of Technology Acceptance: Two Model-Based Meta-Analytic Reviews
Feng, G. C., Su, X., Lin, Z. C., He, Y., Luo, N., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1077699020952400 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Since it was published, the TAM (Davis, 1986) and its extensions have been empirically applied to a variety of end-user technologies ranging from mobile technologies (Khayyat & Heshmati, 2013) to gaming (Yoon et al., 2013) (for a review, see Legris et al., 2003; Ma & Liu, 2004).”
BackgroundResultAldosari, B., Al-Mansour, S., Aldosari, H., & Alanazi, A. (2017) · Informatics in Medicine Unlocked · doi:10.1016/j.imu.2017.12.007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Beglaryan, M., Petrosyan, V., & Bunker, E. (2017) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2017.02.013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“This finding is not uncommon given meta-analytic studies reporting that PEOU-BI link is the most frequently disputed and the weakest in the core TAM [117, 118], particularly among physicians [68].”
ResultImproving the Effectiveness of Virtual Teams by Adapting Team Processes
Rice, D. J., Davidson, B. D., Dannenhoffer, J., & Gay, G. K. (2007) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1007/s10606-007-9070-3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“To this end, numerous studies of computermediated collaborations (CMCs) have been performed from several perspectives, including but not limited to technology adoption (Davis 1989; Legris et al. 2003; Ma and Liu 2004; Powell et al. 2004), decision support (DeSanctis and Gallupe 1987; Fjermestad and Hiltz 1998 2000; Go…”
BackgroundPerceived system performance: a test of an extended technology acceptance model
Liu, L., & Ma, Q. (2006) · ACM SIGMIS Database: the DATABASE for Advances in Information Systems · doi:10.1145/1161345.1161354 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Since its inception (Davis, 1986), TAM has received extensive empirical support (for recent reviews and meta analyses, see Legris et al., 2003; Ma & Liu, 2004; Venkatesh et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSundar, S. S., Waddell, T. F., & Jung, E. H. (2016) · 2016 11th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2016.7451771 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
External Factors in Hospital Information System (HIS) Adoption Model: A Case on Malaysia
Lee, H. W., Ramayah, T., & Zakaria, N. (2011) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-011-9675-4 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Moreover, researches also reviewed that TAM can be applied in predicting a wide variety of technologies [ 62 , 71].”
BackgroundAn investigation of user perceptions and attitudes towards learning objects
Lau, S. H., & Woods, P. C. (2007) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00770.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“The goal is to develop an open architecture for online learning that will allow teaching to be centred around the needs of the learner and to allow for greater customisation and flexibility in the learning environment.”
BackgroundA model for the adoption of ICT by health workers in Africa
Jimoh, L., Pate, M. A., Lin, L., & Schulman, K. A. (2012) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2012.08.005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“[16] Q.”
Predicting tablet computer use: An extended Technology Acceptance Model for physicians
Ducey, A. J., & Coovert, M. D. (2016) · Health Policy and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.hlpt.2016.03.010 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Other meta-analyses (Ma & Liu, 2004; Schepers & Wetzels, 2007) of TAM have obtained very similar point estimates for the relationships.”
MethodResult
- Authors
- Ma, Q., & Liu, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Central Missouri (US)
- University of Akron (US)
- ORCID
- Liu, Liping
- Venue
- Journal of Organizational and End User Computing
- Publisher
- IGI Global Scientific Publishing
- Published
- 2004-01-01
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-72
- ISSN
- 1546-2234 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-5012
- OpenAlex
- W2067960261
- Cited by
- 660
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 40.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- ng
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Organizational and End User Computing (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Keywords
- technology acceptance model, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, technology acceptance, information technology adoption, user acceptance
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