The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gram-Negative Bacteria Aggravate Murine Small Intestinal Th1-Type Immunopathology following Oral Infection with Toxoplasma gondii
Open accessAbstract
Oral infection of susceptible mice with Toxoplasma gondii results in Th1-type immunopathology in the ileum. We investigated gut flora changes during ileitis and determined contributions of gut bacteria to intestinal inflammation. Analysis of the intestinal microflora revealed that ileitis was accompanied by increasing bacterial load, decreasing species diversity, and bacterial translocation. Gram-negative bacteria identified as Escherichia coli and Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. accumulated in inflamed ileum at high concentrations. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of ciprofloxacin and/or metronidazole ameliorated ileal immunopathology and reduced intestinal NO and IFN-γ levels. Most strikingly, gnotobiotic mice in which cultivable gut bacteria were removed by quintuple antibiotic treatment did not develop ileitis after Toxoplasma gondii infection. A reduction in total numbers of lymphocytes was observed in the lamina propria of specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not gnotobiotic, mice upon development of ileitis. Relative numbers of CD4+ T cells did not differ in naive vs infected gnotobiotic or SPF mice, but infected SPF mice showed a significant increase in the frequencies of activated CD4+ T cells compared with gnotobiotic mice. Furthermore, recolonization with total gut flora, E. coli, or Bacteroides/Prevotella spp., but not Lactobacillus johnsonii, induced immunopathology in gnotobiotic mice. Animals recolonized with E. coli and/or total gut flora, but not L. johnsonii, showed elevated ileal NO and/or IFN-γ levels. In conclusion, Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., E. coli, aggravate pathogen-induced intestinal Th1-type immunopathology. Thus, pathogen-induced acute ileitis may prove useful to study bacteria-host interactions in small intestinal inflammation and to test novel therapies based on modulation of gut flora.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Basic local alignment search tool
Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., & Lipman, D. J. (1990) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1006/jmbi.1990.9999 · Cited by 98,669
Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora
Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., & Relman, D. A. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110591 · Cited by 7,913
Recognition of Commensal Microflora by Toll-Like Receptors Is Required for Intestinal Homeostasis
Rakoff-Nahoum, S., Paglino, J., Eslami-Varzaneh, F., Edberg, S., & Medzhitov, R. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.07.002 · Cited by 4,251
Amann, R. I., Binder, B. J., Olson, R. J., Chisholm, S. W., Devereux, R., & Stahl, D. A. (1990) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.56.6.1919-1925.1990 · Cited by 4,021
Podolsky, D. K. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra020831 · Cited by 3,159
Muyzer, G., & Smalla, K. (1998) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1023/a:1000669317571 · Cited by 2,044
Marchesi, J. R., Sato, T., Weightman, A. J., Martin, T. A., Fry, J. C., Hiom, S. J., & Wade, W. G. (1998) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.64.2.795-799.1998 · Cited by 1,828
Darfeuille-Michaud, A., Boudeau, J., Bulois, P., Neut, C., Glasser, A.-L., Barnich, N., Bringer, M.-A., Swidsinski, A., Beaugerie, L., & Colombel, J.-F. (2004) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.04.061 · Cited by 1,566
The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II): sequences and tools for high-throughput rRNA analysis
Cole, J. R. (2004) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gki038 · Cited by 1,475
Mucosal flora in inflammatory bowel disease
Swidsinski, A., Ladhoff, A., Pernthaler, A., Swidsinski, S., Loening–Baucke, V., Ortner, M., Weber, J., Hoffmann, U., Schreiber, S., Dietel, M., et al. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.30294 · Cited by 1,346
Cited by
Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation.
Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · Cited by 5,385
Human gut microbes impact host serum metabolome and insulin sensitivity
Pedersen, H. K., Gudmundsdottir, V., Nielsen, H. B., Hyotylainen, T., Nielsen, T., Jensen, B. A. H., Forslund, K., Hildebrand, F., Prifti, E., Falony, G., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18646 · Cited by 2,116
Hall, J. A., Bouladoux, N., Sun, C. M., Wohlfert, E. A., Blank, R. B., Zhu, Q., Grigg, M. E., Berzofsky, J. A., & Belkaid, Y. (2008) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.08.009 · Cited by 494
Bloom, S. M., Bijanki, V. N., Nava, G. M., Sun, L., Malvin, N. P., Donermeyer, D. L., Dunne, W. M., Allen, P. M., & Stappenbeck, T. S. (2011) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.009 · Cited by 488
Möhle, L., Mattei, D., Heimesaat, M. M., Bereswill, S., Fischer, A., Alutis, M., French, T., Hambardzumyan, D., Matzinger, P., Dunay, I. R., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.074 · Cited by 470
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Heimesaat, M. M., Bereswill, S., Fischer, A., Fuchs, D., Struck, D., Niebergall, J., Jahn, H.-K., Dunay, I. R., Moter, A., Gescher, D. M., Schumann, R. R., Göbel, U. B., & Liesenfeld, O.
- Venue
- The Journal of Immunology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 8785-8795
- ISSN
- 0022-1767 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-6606
- OpenAlex
- W2169637734
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 70
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Gram-Negative Bacteria Aggravate Murine Small Intestinal Th1-Type Immunopathology following Oral Infection with Toxoplasma gondii. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8785
- The paper
- Heimesaat, M. M., Bereswill, S., Fischer, A., Fuchs, D., Struck, D., Niebergall, J., Jahn, H.-K., Dunay, I. R., Moter, A., Gescher, D. M., Schumann, R. R., Göbel, U. B., & Liesenfeld, O. (2006). Gram-Negative Bacteria Aggravate Murine Small Intestinal Th1-Type Immunopathology following Oral Infection with Toxoplasma gondii. The Journal of Immunology. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8785
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
