Male Sexual Dysfunction and Quality of Life in Schizophrenia
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence and clinical correlates of sexual dysfunction in a sample of adult male outpatients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or haloperidol, focusing on associations between sexual dysfunction and patient-perceived quality of life. METHOD: Sexual dysfunction was assessed in 139 outpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia who were receiving olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or haloperidol, but no other medications associated with sexual side effects. Structured assessments were made of psychiatric symptoms, quality of life, and relationships. RESULTS: Sexual dysfunction occurred in 45.3% of patients. Patients with and without sexual dysfunction did not significantly differ with respect to severity of psychiatric symptoms. However, as compared with patients without sexual dysfunction, patients with sexual dysfunction reported significantly lower ratings on global quality of life (t = 2.4, df = 136, p = .02) and the level of enjoyment in their life (t = 2.5, df = 136, p = .01). Patients with sexual dysfunction were significantly less likely than those without sexual dysfunction to report having a romantic partner (17.5% vs. 43.4%; chi(2) = 10.7, df = 1, p = .001), though they were not significantly less likely to report difficulty making friends (27.0% vs. 32.9%; chi(2) = 0.57, df = 1, p = .45). Among patients with romantic partners, those with sexual dysfunction reported significantly poorer quality of their relationships (t = 2.3, df = 42, p = .02) and were less likely to talk to their partner about their illness (t = 2.0, df = 42, p = .047). CONCLUSIONS: Sexual dysfunction is common in men with schizophrenia who are treated with olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or haloperidol and is associated with diminished quality of life, decreased occurrence of romantic relationships, and reduced intimacy when relationships are established. High prevalence and substantial interference with quality of life combine to make sexual dysfunction an important area for clinical assessment and appropriate intervention in the community management of schizophrenia.
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Sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia is estimated to be more frequent compared to normal controls and to affect 30-80% of women and 45-80% of men.
“Although there are relatively few systematic investigations concerning sexual disorders in schizophrenia (514), sexual dysfunction in schizophrenia is, compared to normal controls, estimated to be more frequent (515-519) and to affect 30-80% of women and 45-80% of men (512,515, 520-523).”
From Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care (2011) · cites this paper as [523]
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Women’s sexual dysfunction associated with psychiatric disorders and their treatment
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“SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS Systematic studies have revealed that sexual dysfunction is highly prevalent in both untreated and treated schizophrenia patients, affecting 30–80% of women and 45–80% of men (Bitter et al., 2005; Cutler, 2003; Dossenbach et al., 2005; Kelly and Conley, 2004; Macdonald et a…”
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“Olfson et al (2005) studied sexual dysfunction in 139 outpatients with DSM–IV schizophrenia who were receiving an antipsychotic but no other medications associated with sexual sideeffects.”
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BackgroundFrequency of Sexual Dysfunction in Patients with a Psychotic Disorder Receiving Antipsychotics
Montejo, A. L., for the Spanish Working Group for the Study of Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction, Majadas, S., Rico‐Villademoros, F., Llorca, G., de la Gándara, J., Franco, M., Martı́n-Carrasco, M., Aguera, L., & Prieto, N. (2010) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01709.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
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“Forty-five percent of the men reported sexual dysfunction, and this was associated with significantly lower ratings of global quality of life and level of enjoyment in their life (Olfson et al., 2005).”
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“Sexual dysfunction is common in people with schizophrenia (Kotin et al., 1976; Ghadirian et al., 1982; Smith et al., 2002; Cutler, 2003) and contributes to poor quality of life (Olfson et al., 2005).”
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“differentiated between mild (<50), moderate (50-100) and severe (>100) ng/mL”
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“Predictors of reduced QoL in patients with schizophrenia have been shown to include: depressive symptoms [16,41,55]; cognitive deficits [18,41]; poor social support [20]; treatment-related side effects [2,44]; duration of untreated psychosis in the first episode [9,20]; and severity of negative symptoms [9,16,31,41,55…”
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“Moreover, many other factors may cause sexual problems for patients with schizophrenia, including concomitant medications, the effect of the disease itself, and comorbidity with other psychiatric and physical diseases (Olfson, Uttaro, Carson, & Tafesse, 2005).”
Sexual problems in a sample of the Turkish psychiatric population
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“Furthermore, people with chronic mental disorders (such as schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder), substance abuse, mental handicap, and personality disorders may experience difficulties in forming intimate relationships and responding sexually, and they talk unusually about their problems of sexual activity [8,…”
BackgroundResultSexual dysfunctions in schizophrenia: Beyond antipsychotics. A systematic review
Dumontaud, M., Korchia, T., Khouani, J., Lançon, C., Auquier, P., Boyer, L., & Fond, G. B. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109804 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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“Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction in this patient population includes impairment of libido, orgasmic function, and erectile and ejaculatory function.(1,6,7) While this syndrome has not been extensively researched in large, controlled studies, treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction is known to result in physical and…”
Kelly, D. L., Wehring, H. J., Earl, A. K., Sullivan, K. M., Dickerson, F., Feldman, S. M., McMahon, R. P., Buchanan, R. W., Warfel, D. T., Keller, W. R., et al. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-214 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Quality of life may be improved with better hormonal and sexual functioning as well [53,54].”
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“These are considered among the most distressing adverse effects of antipsychotics,([129]) interfere strongly with quality of life,([127]) and are an important reason for non-adherence to maintenance antipsychotic treatment.”
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“Sexual dysfunction affects 30%– 80% of women and 45%–80% of men [22–24].”
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“Sexual side effects have a considerable impact on quality of life and are a major factor in non-adherence to prescribed antipsychotic drugs (Olfson et al., 2005).”
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“These can be reduced by using medication; however, even though response and adherence to antipsychotics can improve QoL 3 , some medication side effects such as weight gain 11 and sexual dysfunction 12 have been associated with a worsened outcome.”
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“One study found that patients with sexual dysfunction had significantly poorer quality of life [18].”
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“clinical point of view, it is important to be aware of sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia and apply the knowledge of sexual dysfunction to the treatment of schizophrenia, because this symptomatology is relatively common among patients and may contribute to poor quality of life and poor adherence with th…”
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“With respect to schizophrenia, studies have shown either an association of SD and poor QOL[33-35] or no difference between those with/without associated SD.”
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“Sexual disfunction has consequential effects on the affected person's sense of well-being, self-esteem and sexual relationships (Olfson, Uttaro, Carson, & Tafesse, 2005 ; Rosen et al, 2009 ).”
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Sexual Side Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs
Bains, S., & Shah, A. A. (2012) · Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety · doi:10.4172/2167-1052.1000109 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Sexual dysfunction is considered by many schizophrenia patients to be more troublesome than most other symptoms and adverse drug effects [1,2] and is a major cause of poor quality of life [3], negative attitude to therapy and treatment noncompliance [2].”
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“, 1995), the side effects of antipsychotic drugs (Baggaley, 2008; Olfson et al., 2005), concurrent use of other drugs (Thomas, 2003), and comorbid psychiatric disorders and medical conditions (Heiman, 2002).”
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Prevalence and Psychological Impact of Antidepressant-Associated Sexual Dysfunction
Krishna, K., Avasthi, A., & Grover, S. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3182227e78 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“These findings are supported by the results of earlier studies that suggest that sexual dysfunction leads to interpersonal and marital disharmony23,24,56,57 and poor quality of life.(21,22) Hence, it is important to evaluate the patients of antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction and manage the same adequately to en…”
ResultMonitoring patients to improve physical health and treatment outcome
Llorca, P. (2008) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.04.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Sexual dysfunction is associated with a reduced quality of life, patients are less likely to have romantic interaction, and those in an established relationship report a poorer quality of association (Olfson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPeluso, M. J., Lewis, S. W., Barnes, T. R. E., & Jones, P. B. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Retrograde ejaculation associated with quetiapine and treatment with low-dose imipramine
Roughley, M., & Lyall, M. (2019) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-228539 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Efficacy of Tadalafil on Erectile Dysfunction in Male Patients Using Antipsychotics
de Boer, M. K., Oolders, J. M., van den Heuvel, E. R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000113 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Valproic acidYrelated acute pancreatitis is common in children(5) and may occur after a significant length of time of drug administration.(1) The dosage and plasma concentration of valproic acid do not play a role in the development of pancreatitis.”
BackgroundEvaluation of sexuality in 61 subjects suffering from chronic psychosis
Mahmoud, S. B., Zouari, L., Dammak, M., Thabet, J. B., Zouari, N., & Maalej, M. A. (2012) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2012.08.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Riedel, M. J., Spellmann, I., Schennach-Wolff, R., Obermeier, M., & Musil, R. (2010) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9744-z · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ishigooka, J., Inada, K., Niidome, K., Aoki, K., Kojima, Y., Iwashita, S., & Yamada, S. (2021) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2777 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Suicidal behaviours in men: Determinants and prevention in Australia
Kõlves, K., Kumpula, E., & Leo, D. D. (2013) · Griffith Research Online · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Possible Bipolar Nature of Irritability in Major Depressive Disorder
Benazzi, F. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0818a · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zhang, X. R., Wang, Y. X., Zhang, Z. J., Li, L., & Reynolds, G. P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033247 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Sexual dysfunction has important implications for satisfaction with sexual life and overall quality of life [1,2].”
BackgroundThana, L., O’Connell, L., Carne, A., Shastri, A., Saravanamuthu, A., Budhwani, N., Jayacodi, S., Leeson, V. C., Munjiza, J., Pappa, S., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04193-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“People with psychosis who do have an intimate relationship, rate the quality of the quality of their relationship lower if they are experiencing sexual dysfunction [10].”
BackgroundZhang, X. R., Zhang, Z. J., Jenkins, T. A., et al. (2009) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.10.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with the previous clinical studies showing that approximately 26–50% men treated with haloperidol suffer from impotence (Hummer et al., 1999, Dossenbach et al., 2006; Olfson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultLucca, J., Ramesh, M., Ram, D., Kurian, J., & Mathew, N. (2016) · Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/1110-1105.180268 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Discussion Sexual dysfunction affects around half of all patients with psychiatric disorders and impairs their quality of life (Olfson et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, Y., Zhang, P., Xin, L.-M., et al. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.05.063 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sexual dysfunction and central obesity in patients with first episode psychosis
Theleritis, C. G., Bonaccorso, S., Habib, N., Stahl, D. R., Gaughran, F., Vitoratou, S., Atakan, Z., Kolliakou, A., Gardner-Sood, P., Dazzan, P., et al. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.11.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Crawford, M., Thana, L., Evans, R., Carne, A., O’Connell, L., Claringbold, A., Saravanamuthu, A., Case, R., Munjiza, J., Jayacodi, S., et al. (2020) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta24440 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sexual Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Malík, P. (2008) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/foc.6.2.foc234 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sexual dysfunctions in drug-naive male patients with first-episode schizophrenia
Sabry, W., Taweel, M. E. S. E., & Zyada, F. (2017) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.xme.0000520063.00808.3d · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Évaluation de la sexualité d’une série de 61 sujets atteints de psychose chronique
Mahmoud, S. B., Zouari, L., Dammak, M., Thabet, J. B., Zouari, N., & Maalej, M. A. (2012) · Sexologies · doi:10.1016/j.sexol.2012.08.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sexual Behavior in Patients with Psychosis Admitted to a Hospital Unit
Baños-Martín, M. D. M., Márquez‐Hernández, V. V., Gutiérrez‐Puertas, L., et al. (2017) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1284967 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses
(2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119870203.mpg001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Procter, N. G., Hamer, H. P., McGarry, D. E., Wilson, R. L., & Froggatt, T. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316718278 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evaluation of health promotion programmes in severe mental illness: theory and practice
van Hasselt, F. M., Krabbe, P. F. M., Postma, M. J., & LOONEN, A. J. M. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1456 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mahmoud, A., Hayhurst, K. P., Drake, R., & Lewis, S. W. (2011) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2011.625122 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
„Liebe“ und „Zärtlichkeit“ als subjektive Bedürfnisse psychiatrischer Patienten
Juckel, G., & Mavrogiorgou, P. (2021) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1640-1673 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fentahun, S., Melkam, M., Tadesse, G., Rtbey, G., Andualem, F., Wassie, Y. A., Geremew, G. W., Alemayehu, T. T., Haile, T. D., Godana, T. N., et al. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0308272 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Antipsychotic-Induced Sexual Dysfunction and the Strength of the Evidence
Rico‐Villademoros, F., & Calandre, E. P. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0818d · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Barchielli, B., Accinni, T., Ferracuti, S., Carlone, L., Petrini, F., Biondi, M., & Pasquini, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030505 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Studies on un-medicated psychotic patients have found that sexual dysfunctions were present regardless of medication treatment [39,40].”
BackgroundIt Looks Like "Bradyphylaxis" to Me
Jefferson, J. W. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n0818f · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Is the prohibitive stance on sex and relationships in the UK forensic system justifiable?
Taylor, E., & Whiting, D. (2022) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789949.2022.2115937 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“, 2010) and lack of sexual dysfunction (Olfson et al., 2005) improves quality of life in patients with SMI – although it could be argued that these outcomes are not necessarily linked to a less prohibitive stance on sexual relationships.”
Background
- Authors
- Olfson, M., Uttaro, T., Carson, W. H., & Tafesse, E.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2005-03-15
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 03
- Pages
- 331-338
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1974944326
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- sexual dysfunction, schizophrenia, quality of life, antipsychotic adverse effects, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, haloperidol, romantic relationships, intimacy, male outpatients, psychiatric symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ambulatory Care, Attitude to Health, Humans, Erectile Dysfunction, Interpersonal Relations, Love, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment, Antipsychotic Agents, Marital Status, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
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