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The Level of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Bipolar Disorder Equals That of Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: In schizophrenia, increased rates of somatic mortality have been shown to correspond with a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, including smoking and the metabolic syndrome. In bipolar disorder, the amount of cardiovascular risk is still largely unknown. This study compares the prevalence of smoking and metabolic disturbances in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in a representative sample of patients under naturalistic conditions. It also compares the prevalence of risk factors in each diagnostic group with the general population. METHOD: Longitudinal data on clinical groups from October 2002 through December 2005 were from the Oslo TOP Study (DSM-IV bipolar disorder [N = 110] and schizophrenia [N = 163]). Reference data were from the 2000 to 2001 Oslo Health Study (18,770 individuals of the same area). Background variables, prevalence of smoking, and age-adjusted levels of metabolic risk factors were compared between diagnostic groups. Risk factors in both groups were then compared with the general population. RESULTS: Patients with bipolar disorder had higher levels of education, better social functioning, fewer psychiatric symptoms, and less use of medication than patients with schizophrenia. There was no significant difference between diagnostic groups in the prevalence of smoking, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes. The mean level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol was lower in schizophrenia (p < .001), and systolic blood pressure was higher in bipolar disorder (p < .05). Both diagnostic groups had a prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors about twice that of the general population. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was alarmingly high for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients compared with the general population, and the prevalence was approximately the same in both diagnostic groups.
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“Several studies have found that risk factors for cardiovascular disorders were more common in patients with severe mental disorders (Birkenaes et al. 2007, Newcomer & Hennekens 2007) than in patients without such disorders.”
From Excess early mortality in schizophrenia. (2014) · cites this paper as Birkenaes et al. 2007
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Metadata
- Authors
- Birkenaes, A. B., Opjordsmoen, S., Brunborg, C., Engh, J. A., Jonsdottir, H., Ringen, P. A., Simonsen, C., Vaskinn, A., Birkeland, K. I., Friis, S., Sundet, K., & Andreassen, O. A.
- Affiliations
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2007-06-15
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 06
- Pages
- 917-923
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2055786778
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Norway, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Smoking, Prevalence, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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