Current Status of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in South Korean Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population–Pronounced Age-Related Disparities: Nationwide Cohort Study

Kim, Ji Yoon; Kim, Seohyun; Kim, Jae Hyeon

doi:10.4093/dmj.2024.0804

Cited by 13Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and EducationDiabetes and associated disorders

Current Status of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in South Korean Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population–Pronounced Age-Related Disparities: Nationwide Cohort Study

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Kim, Ji Yoon, Kim, Seohyun, Kim, Jae Hyeon·2025·Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

DOI 10.4093/dmj.2024.0804PMC PMC12436030

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Abstract

Background: This study aims to identify the status of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use among individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in South Korea and to investigate whether age-related disparities exist.Methods: Individuals with T1DM receiving intensive insulin therapy were identified from the Korean National Health Insurance Cohort (2019–2022). Characteristics of CGM users and non-users were compared, and the prescription rates of CGM and sensor- augmented pump (SAP) or automated insulin delivery (AID) systems according to age groups (<19, 19–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years) were analyzed using chi-square tests. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and coefficients of variation (CV) among CGM users were also examined.Results: Among the 56,908 individuals with T1DM, 10,822 (19.0%) used CGM at least once, and 6,073 (10.7%) used CGM continuously. Only 241 (0.4%) individuals utilized either SAP or AID systems. CGM users were younger than non-users. The continuous prescription rate of CGM was highest among individuals aged <19 years (37.0%), followed by those aged 19–39 years (15.8%), 40–59 years (10.7%), and ≥60 years (3.9%) (P<0.001 for between-group differences). Among CGM users, HbA1c levels decreased from 8.7%±2.4% at baseline to 7.2%±1.2% at 24 months, and CV decreased from 36.6%±11.9% at 3 months to 34.1%±12.7% at 24 months.Conclusion: Despite national reimbursement for CGM devices, the prescription rates of CGM remain low, particularly among older adults. Given the improvements in HbA1c and CV following CGM initiation, more efforts are needed to increase CGM utilization and reduce age-related disparities.

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CGM has been extensively utilized in patients with Type 1 Diabetes, and emerging evidence supports its potential benefits in managing T2D.
“While CGM has been extensively utilized in patients with Type 1 Diabetes [7–9], emerging evidence supports its potential benefits in managing T2D.”
From Sequential use of continuous glucose monitoring, with or without exercise trackers, significantly improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
The Introduction says CGM is recommended for people with type 1 diabetes, supporting its use in that population. But the Discussion reports that CGM utilization in South Korea remains low, so this study does not establish that it is extensively used. The citation is attached to the type 1 diabetes clause, not the subsequent claim about type 2 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Authors: Kim, J. Y., Kim, S., & Kim, J. H.
Affiliations: Samsung Medical Center (KR)
ORCID: Kim, Ji Yoon
Kim, Seohyun
Kim, Jae Hyeon
Venue: Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
Publisher: Korean Diabetes Association
Published: 2025-09-01
Volume: 49
Issue: 5
Pages: 1040-1050
ISSN: 2233-6079 (ISSN-L)
2233-6087
DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2024.0804
PMC: PMC12436030
OpenAlex: W4409866795
Cited by: 13
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 4
FWCI: 8.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Diabetes & Metabolism Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Korean Diabetes Association
National Health Insurance Service
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring, type 1 diabetes, age disparities, intensive insulin therapy, sensor-augmented pump, artificial pancreas, HbA1c, glycemic variability, older adults, South Korea
MeSH terms: Continuous Glucose Monitoring, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Male, Middle Aged, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Cohort Studies, Healthcare Disparities, Young Adult, Republic of Korea

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Current Status of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Use in South Korean Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Population–Pronounced Age-Related Disparities: Nationwide Cohort Study

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