Improving Intergroup Relations
Abstract
This book is intended both as supplementary reading for courses and as a practical guidebook for individuals and programmes interested in reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations. It provides the only comprehensive review and compilation of techniques for roving intergroup relations
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The most successful way to alleviate intergroup anxiety and increase provider confidence is through direct contact with members of other groups.
“The most successful way to alleviate intergroup anxiety and increase provider confidence is through direct “contact” with members of other groups.71,72”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [72]
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Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice
Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607 · Cited by 1,376 · see citing works
“Other reviews cover a broad range of prejudicereduction programs and the theories that underlie them (e.g., Oskamp 2000, Stephan & Stephan 2001).”
BackgroundMethodReducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda.
Paluck, E. L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0011989 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Intergroup Contact: The Past, Present, and the Future
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Kawakami, K. (2003) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430203006001009 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
“An emphasis on learning new information is a critical component of multicultural education programs for improving intergroup relations (Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundA Developmental Model of Intercultural Maturity
King, P. M., & Magolda, M. B. B. (2005) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2005.0060 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
“The effects of participation in these dialogues are impressive (see Hurtado, 2001, and Stephan and Stephan, 2001, for details of these studies): [D]ialogue participation is linked with positive effects on cognitive outcomes such as knowledge about other groups and discrimination in society,…”
BackgroundUsing Empathy to Improve Intergroup Attitudes and Relations
Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. Y. (2009) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01013.x · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2004) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(04)36001-6 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Stereotypes and Prejudice in Conflict
Bar‐Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511499814 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology
Burgess, D., van Ryn, M., Dovidio, J., & Saha, S. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0160-1 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
“The most successful way to alleviate intergroup anxiety and increase provider confidence is through direct “contact” with members of other groups.(71,72) Thus interactive, facilitated discussions, particularly in which people interact in individualized ways, among colleagues of different race and ethnicity Figure 1.”
BackgroundThe effects of feeling threatened on attitudes toward immigrants
Stephan, W. G., Renfro, C. L., Esses, V. M., Stephan, C. W., & Martin, T. (2005) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.04.011 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Self-citationDovidio, J. F., Penner, L. A., Albrecht, T. L., Norton, W. E., Gaertner, S. L., & Shelton, J. N. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.019 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
“They aim to change conscious attitudesdold-fashioned racismdwith direct educational programs and persuasion (Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundBeelmann, A., & Heinemann, K. S. (2014) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2013.11.002 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
“As a result, rather diverse intervention programs have been developed and tested during the last 30 years (e.g., Oskamp, 2000; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundWith malice toward none and charity for some: Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination.
Greenwald, A. G., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2014) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0036056 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
“…an observer Smith (1993, p. 304) a social emotion experienced with respect to one’s social identity as a group member, with an outgroup as a target Stephan & Stephan (1993, p. 125) negative evaluations of social groups Brewer & Crano (1994, p. 464) negative affect directed toward all members of a…”
Genres of Research in Multicultural Education
Bennett, C. I. (2001) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543071002171 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Perspective and Prejudice: Antecedents and Mediating Mechanisms
Dovidio, J. F., ten Vergert, M., Stewart, T. L., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, J. D., Esses, V. M., Riek, B. M., & Pearson, A. R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271177 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Ramiah, A. A., & Hewstone, M. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0032603 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Maoz, I. (2011) · Journal of Peace Research · doi:10.1177/0022343310389506 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
The Nature of Contemporary Prejudice: Insights from Aversive Racism
Pearson, A. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00183.x · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Why do interracial interactions impair executive function? A resource depletion account.
Richeson, J. A., & Trawalter, S. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.934 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
“Previous research has found that intergroup contact fosters physiological arousal, anxiety, and discomfort (e.g., Blascovich et al., 2001; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundThe Contact Hypothesis Reconsidered: Interacting via the Internet
Amichai‐Hamburger, Y., & McKenna, K. Y. A. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00037.x · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Canetti-Nisim, D., Halperin, E., Sharvit, K., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2009) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002709333296 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Stephan, W. G., & Mealy, M. D. (2011) · The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470672532.wbepp139 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationRosenthal, L., & Levy, S. R. (2010) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01022.x · Cited by 266 · see citing works
“…1169) noted that “the inclusion of more multicultural content in the curriculum is the most widely implemented aspect of multicultural education, and yet it is probably the least well-studied component of multicultural educational practice” (for a similar observation, see Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialDiversity training: Putting theory into practice
Pendry, L. F., Driscoll, D. M., & Field, S. C. T. (2006) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317906x118397 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Diversity Training and Intergroup Contact: A Call to Action Research
Paluck, E. L. (2006) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00474.x · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Some researchers classify diversity training activities along a continuum from instructional to experiential training methods (Gudykunst & Hammer, 1983; Lindsay, 1994; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundDovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002029 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Fostering Meaningful Racial Engagement Through Intergroup Dialogues
Nagda, B. A., & Zúñiga, X. (2003) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430203006001015 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“While the use of intergroup dialogues is increasing, recent reviews note that only a small body of research documents their effectiveness (Hurtado, 2001; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundDo Curricular and Cocurricular Diversity Activities Influence Racial Bias? A Meta-Analysis
Denson, N. (2009) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654309331551 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“…been identified as effective approaches to reducing students’ racial bias and they include the following: multicultural course interventions, diversity workshop or training interventions, peer-facilitated interventions, and service interventions (e.g., Engberg, 2004; Stephan & Stephan, 2000, 2001).”
BackgroundEvaluation of intergroup dialogue: A review of the empirical literature
Dessel, A. B., & Rogge, M. E. (2008) · Conflict Resolution Quarterly · doi:10.1002/crq.230 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“Stephan and colleagues give examples of measurement tools that assess racial attitudes, stereotypes, intergroup anxiety, empathy, and intergroup contact and attitudes (Stephan and Stephan, 2001; Stephan, 2006).”
BackgroundRacial attitudes in response to thoughts of white privilege
Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Schiffhauer, K. L. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.348 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Nagda, B. A. (2006) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00473.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“As Stephan and Stephan (2001) have”
Nature, Rationale, and Effectiveness of Education for Coexistence
Bar‐Tal, D. (2004) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00110.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“…and exploitation, education for coexistence can have an effect because, in this case, it is mainly the beliefs, attitudes, and norms that need to be changed, which is the main objective of education for coexistence (see for example, Davidson & Davidson, 1994; Levin, 2002; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundMaoz, I. (2004) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00119.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“…goal of educating for values such as mutual respect, justice, and equality of rights (see Bar-Tal, this issue), it is important to apply these principles in reality (Stephan & Stephan, 2001), rather than to illustrate the contradictory principle-glaring injustice in the distribution of resources.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialParochial Empathy Predicts Reduced Altruism and the Endorsement of Passive Harm
Bruneau, E., Cikara, M., & Saxe, R. R. (2017) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550617693064 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“It is also of great theoretical significance, given the prominent role that empathy plays in many models of intergroup relations (e.g., Batson & Ahmad, 2009; Lickel et al., 2006; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2004) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650404500105 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Developing a More Inclusive Social Identity: An Elementary School Intervention
Houlette, M. A., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, K. M., Banker, B. S., Riek, B. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2004) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00098.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Engberg, M. E. (2004) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543074004473 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Stephan and Stephan (2001) also suggest that although these three components are normally consistent with one another, they are not always congruent.”
BackgroundThe Contact Space: A Novel Framework for Intergroup Contact Research
Harwood, J. (2010) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x09359520 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Scientific Diversity Interventions
Moss-Racusin, C. A., van der Toorn, J., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J., & Handelsman, J. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1245936 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Included but Invisible? Subtle Bias, Common Identity, and the Darker Side of “We”
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Ufkes, E. G., Saguy, T., & Pearson, A. R. (2016) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12017 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
“Interventions to reduce bias against members of underrepresented groups frequently emphasize the importance of inclusiveness and overarching commonalities among groups (Houlette et al., 2004; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundRicheson, J. A., Trawalter, S., & Shelton, J. N. (2005) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2005.23.4.336 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Despite increasing racial diversity in many social arenas in contemporary U.S. society, interracial interactions have been found to be awkward and often distressing (e.g., Blascovich, Mendes, Hunter, Lickel, & Kowai–Bell, 2001; Devine & Vasquez, 1998; Ickes, 1984; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundRegulatory focus and executive function after interracial interactions
Trawalter, S., & Richeson, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.05.008 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
“Although interracial interactions are increasingly frequent in today’s society, they remain a source of anxiety for many individuals, even evoking a state of physiological threat in some (Blascovich, Mendes, Hunter, Lickel, & Kowai-Bell, 2001; Stephan & Stephan, 1985, 2001).”
BackgroundArab‐Jewish Bilingual Coeducation in Israel: A Long‐Term Approach to Intergroup Conflict Resolution
Bekerman, Z., & Horenczyk, G. (2004) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00120.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Halperin, E., Canetti‐Nisim, D., & Hirsch‐Hoefler, S. (2009) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00682.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“In general, most scholars have concentrated instead on the levels of perceived threat (Stephan & Stephan, 2001), ideologies, values, and democratic principles (Sullivan, Piereson, & Marcus, 1982), personal characteristics like authoritarianism (Duckitt, 1993) or locus of control (Halperin,…”
BackgroundAldana, A., Bañales, J., & Richards-Schuster, K. E. (2019) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-019-00113-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Yzerbyt, V. Y., & Demoulin, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002028 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Hjerm, M., & Nagayoshi, K. (2011) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/0268580910394004 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“…towards minority groups (McLaren, 2003; Quillian, 1995, 1996).1 We can conclude that threat brought by a group that is subordinate to the majority has come to be seen as the single best indicator of negative attitudes towards out-groups (Paxton and Mughan, 2006; Stephan and Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundLet’s talk about race, Baby! When Whites’ and Blacks’ interracial contact experiences diverge
Trawalter, S., & Richeson, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.013 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Indeed, research shows that many Whites are anxious during interracial contact (Blascovich, Mendes, Hunter, Lickel, & Kowai-Bell, 2001; Ickes, 1984; Shelton & Richeson, 2006; Stephan & Stephan, 2001), and are hesitant to mention race during these interactions, even when it is © 2008 Elsevier Inc.”
Canetti‐Nisim, D., Ariely, G., & Halperin, E. (2007) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912907307289 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cooperative Learning: Developments in Research
Gillies, R. M. (2014) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.4471/ijep.2014.08 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Perry, S., Murphy, M. C., & Dovidio, J. F. (2015) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.06.007 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Avery, D. R., & Thomas, K. M. (2004) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2004.15112544 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Aversive Racism and Contemporary Bias
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Pearson, A. R. (2016) · The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice · doi:10.1017/9781316161579.012 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Moreover, as Stephan and Stephan (2001) propose, interracial anxiety can amplify Whites’ affective reactions and consequently produce more extreme behavioral responses to Blacks than to Whites.”
BackgroundBekerman, Z. (2007) · Journal of Peace Education · doi:10.1080/17400200601171198 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Some points regarding the history of intergroup encounters Stephan and Stephan (2001) suggest a strong relationship between the need to improve interethnic relations in the USA following the Second World War and the beginning of theoretical and practical efforts to come to grips with intergroup…”
BackgroundWhite, F. A., & Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2012.01.007 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Effects of Intergroup Dialogue: Public School Teachers and Sexual Orientation Prejudice
Dessel, A. B. (2010) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496410369560 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“However, there is a dearth of rigorous field research that examines changes in attitude or behavior as a result of participation in intergroup dialogue (Dessel & Rogge, 2008; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundKawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., & van Kamp, S. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2004.05.004 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Interethnic Contact, Curriculum, and Attitudes in the First Year of College
Lopez, G. E. (2004) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00100.x · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Improving outgroup attitudes in schools: A meta-analytic review
Ülger, Z., Dette-Hagenmeyer, D. E., Reichle, B., & Gaertner, S. L. (2017) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2017.10.002 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Getting to the What, How , and Why of Diversity on Campus
Gurin, P., & Nagda, B. A. (2006) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x035001020 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Canetti, D., Snider, K. L. G., Pedersen, A., & Hall, B. J. (2016) · Journal of Refugee Studies · doi:10.1093/jrs/few012 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Berger, R., Benatov, J., Abu‐Raiya, H., & Tadmor, C. T. (2016) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2016.04.003 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Direct contact interventions include programs such as integrated schooling (Banks, 2009; Schofield, 1995; Stephan & Stephan, 2001), cooperative learning (Aronson & Patnoe, 1997; Johnson & Johnson, 1999; Slavin & Madden, 1979) and bilingual education (Bekerman, 2005; Cummins, 2000; Genesee &…”
Backgroundvon Hermanni, H., & Neumann, R. (2018) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2018.1459183 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Troubles With Identity: Obstacles to Coexistence Education in Conflict Ridden Societies
Bekerman, Z., & Maoz, I. (2005) · Identity · doi:10.1207/s1532706xid0504_3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Stephan and Stephan (2001) note that the popularity of these intergroup programs rose again in the 1990s in the form of intergroup-relations programs in the workplace, primarily because the failure to address these issues would impose heavy costs on the organizations themselves, primarily through…”
BackgroundReflexive antiracism: A novel approach to diversity training
Kowal, E., Franklin, H., & Paradies, Y. (2013) · Ethnicities · doi:10.1177/1468796812472885 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Ignorance has long been blamed as the root of prejudice (Stephan and Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundInterventions to change well‐anchored attitudes in the context of intergroup conflict
Bar‐Tal, D., & Hameiri, B. (2020) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12534 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bohman, A., & Hjerm, M. (2013) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.748210 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Beyond dislike: Blatant dehumanization predicts teacher discrimination
Bruneau, E., Szekeres, H., Kteily, N., Tropp, L. R., & Kende, A. (2019) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430219845462 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“For at least the past half century, prejudice has been a major focus of intergroup research, and prejudice reduction has been the primary target of interventions aimed at improving intergroup relations (Stephan & Stephan, 2001; Tropp & Pettigrew, 2005).”
BackgroundBridging Differences through Dialogue
Zúñiga, X. (2003) · About Campus Enriching the Student Learning Experience · doi:10.1177/108648220300700603 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation and the Cultivation of Political Tolerance
Halperin, E., Pliskin, R., Saguy, T., Liberman, V., & Gross, J. J. (2013) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002713492636 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Maoz, I. (2002) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/s0147-1767(01)00046-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Lay perceptions of ethnic prejudice: causes, solutions, and individual differences
Hodson, G., & Esses, V. M. (2005) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.251 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Bekerman, Z., & Zembylas, M. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139015646 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Bridging Intergroup Difference in a Community Youth Program
Watkins, N. D., Larson, R. W., & Sullivan, P. J. (2007) · American Behavioral Scientist · doi:10.1177/0002764207306066 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Halperin, E., Canetti, D., Hobfoll, S. E., & Johnson, R. J. (2009) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/13691830902957759 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Many of the contemporary studies which examine the determinants of negative attitudes emphasise the role of perceived threat as a pivotal motivator of those attitudes (Scheepers et al. 2002; Stephan and Stephan 2001).”
BackgroundLiang, C. T. H., & Alimo, C. J. (2005) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2005.0028 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…that the college experience results in changes of personal identity and intergroup attitudes (Chickering & Reisser, 1993; Hogan & Rentz, 1996; Stephan & Stephan, 2001), there is a paucity of studies regarding the change of attitudes of heterosexual students toward gay, lesbian, and bisexuals…”
BackgroundEsses, V. M., Semenya, A. H., & Stelzl, M. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-657410-3/00075-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gaias, L. M., Gal‐Szabo, D. E., Abry, T., Taylor, M., & Granger, K. L. (2018) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2018.02.005 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Person–Situation Interaction
Kihlstrom, J. F. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199730018.013.0038 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Simpson, A., & Morrison, K. R. (2019) · Public Understanding of Science · doi:10.1177/0963662519871881 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Outcome Evaluation of the Intergroup Project
Spencer, M. S., Brown, M., Griffin, S. R., & Abdullah, S. (2008) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496407313416 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Intergroup dialogues also encourage emphatic listening of each other, deep intergroup understanding, mutual respect, empathic connection between participants, and social action (Nagda & Zuniga, 2003; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
Background(2007) · ASHE Higher Education Report · doi:10.1002/aehe.3204 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Scientific Search for Altruism
Batson, C. D. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190651374.001.0001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Cho, J., Tadmor, C. T., & Morris, M. W. (2018) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022118793528 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Just as multiculturalist policies typically involve education about the history and traditions of minority cultural groups, multiculturalist ideologies may also push people to learn about others’ traditions (for a review, see Rosenthal & Levy, 2010; Stephan & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundOnline Intergroup Polarization Across Political Fault Lines: An Integrative Review
Bliuc, A., Bouguettaya, A., & Felise, K. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641215 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…if we consider that (ideological) intergroup conflict forms the bases of social identities prone to polarization as well as the existence of both perceived realistic threat (competition over political power) and symbolic threat (competition over beliefs and norms) (Stephan and Stephan, 1996, 2001).”
BackgroundWhite, F. A., Abu‐Rayya, H. M., Bliuc, A., & Faulkner, N. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.074 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Service of Multiculturalism
Hoter, E., Shonfeld, M., & Ganayim, A. (2009) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v10i2.601 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Race, Ethnicity, Class and Identity: Implications for Study Abroad
Goldoni, F. (2017) · Journal of Language Identity & Education · doi:10.1080/15348458.2017.1350922 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“An important body of literature considers race, ethnicity, intergroup perception, stereotyping, the nature of prejudice, communicating racism, and interethnic conflict (Kim, 2005; Orbe & Spellers, 2005; Stephan & Stephan, 2001; Van Dijk, 1987).”
BackgroundUnconscious bias in the classroom : Evidence and opportunities
Dee, T. S., & Gershenson, S. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.57912/23891580 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Violence in Prolonged Conflicts and Its Socio-psychological Effects
Lavi, I., & Bar‐Tal, D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8999-8_1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Structured and unstructured intergroup contact in the digital age
Amichai‐Hamburger, Y., Hasler, B. S., & Shani-Sherman, T. (2015) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.022 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“As pointed out earlier, anxiety among participants is frequently prevalent during an intergroup contact (Stephan & Stephan, 1996; Stephan & Stephan, 2001). d unstructured intergroup contact in the digital age.”
BackgroundChange, Challenge, and Prospects for a Diversity Paradigm in Social Psychology
Jones, J. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2018) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/sipr.12039 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Intergroup Contact and Minority-Language Education
Wright, S. C., & Bougie, É. (2007) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x07300078 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bekerman, Z., & Shhadi, N. (2003) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434630308666511 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Psychological premises have in one way or another guided for the most part all this activity (for a review see Abu-Nimer, 1999; Stephan & Stephan, 2001; Weiner, 1998).”
BackgroundFortuin, J., van Geel, M., Žiberna, A., & Vedder, P. H. (2014) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.05.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Canetti, D., Halperin, E., Hobfoll, S. E., Shapira, O., & Hirsch‐Hoefler, S. (2009) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.12.007 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Contemporary social-psychological theories such as integrated threat theory (Stephan & Stephan, 1996, 2001) have combined a variety of threat sources that prompt bigotry (Corenblum & Stephan, 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBroadening Participation in the Life Sciences with Social–Psychological Interventions
Tibbetts, Y., Harackiewicz, J., Priniski, S. J., & Canning, E. A. (2016) · CBE - Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.16-01-0001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…active-learning strategies have produced improved learning outcomes for many STEM students (Handelsman et al., 2007) and may be particularly beneficial for underrepresented students in the life sciences (Stephan and Stephan, 2001; Haak et al., 2011; Gasiewski et al., 2012; Eddy and Hogan, 2014).”
BackgroundThe Jigsaw classroom under test: No effect on intergroup relations evident
Bratt, C. (2008) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.946 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zagefka, H., Brown, R. J., & González, R. (2008) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.550 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The international student sojourn, identity conflict and threats to well-being
Brown, J., & Brown, L. (2013) · British Journal of Guidance & Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2012.729026 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“This study therefore indicates a link between a country’s global status and personal self-worth that was also observed by Stephan and Stephan (2001) and Paige (1993).”
Facilitating Arab‐Jewish intergroup dialogue in the college setting
Khuri, M. L. (2004) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/1361332042000257056 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Although intergroup dialogue pedagogy attends to the psychodynamics of intergroup con¯ict (Stephan & Stephan, 2001), minimal research addresses how to understand and work with emotional responses as they occur in the actual dialogue and which are part and parcel of psychodynamic processes.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Stephan, W., & Stephan, C.
- Affiliations
- New Mexico State University (US)
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Published
- 2001
- OpenAlex
- W561451879
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 17.62
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- intergroup relations, prejudice reduction, intergroup contact, group psychology
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