Aversive racism

The Social psychology of intergroup relations

Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577 · see citing works

Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test

Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210 · see citing works

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682 · see citing works

INTERGROUP CONTACT THEORY

Pettigrew, T. F. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.65 · Cited by 6,001 · see citing works

Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components

Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673 · see citing works

The Authoritarian Personality.

Bunzel, J. H., Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., Sanford, R. N., Bettelheim, B., Janowitz, M., Ackerman, N. W., & Jahoda, M. (1950) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2087322 · Cited by 4,189 · see citing works

Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position

Blumer, H. (1958) · The Pacific Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/1388607 · Cited by 3,487 · see citing works

In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis.

Brewer, M. B. (1979) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307 · Cited by 3,411 · see citing works

Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility.

Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025589 · Cited by 3,083 · see citing works

Ironic processes of mental control.

Wegner, D. M. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.101.1.34 · Cited by 2,609 · see citing works

Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research: Their Meaning and Use

Fázio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225 · Cited by 2,583 · see citing works

Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination

Tajfel, H. (1970) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1170-96 · Cited by 2,577 · see citing works

Untitled work

(2000) · Cited by 2,172 · see citing works

A model of dual attitudes.

Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T. Y. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.1.101 · Cited by 2,112 · see citing works

Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe

Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420250106 · Cited by 1,948 · see citing works

Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations

Bruce, S. E., Schuman, H., Steeh, C., & Bobo, L. D. (1987) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/590918 · Cited by 1,919 · see citing works

Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?

Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013 · Cited by 1,793 · see citing works

The attribution of attitudes

Jones, E. E., & Harris, V. A. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0 · Cited by 1,783 · see citing works

Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Social Conduct

Weiner, B. L. (1995) · Cited by 1,696 · see citing works

Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction.

Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62 · Cited by 1,567 · see citing works

The common ingroup identity model: recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias.

Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Anastasio, P. A., Bachman, B. A., & Rust, M. C. (1993) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/14792779343000004 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works

Cognitive Processes in Stereotyping and Intergroup Behavior

Hamilton, D. L. (2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315668758 · Cited by 1,501 · see citing works

Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism

Beer, W. R., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069383 · Cited by 1,499 · see citing works

Intergroup Anxiety

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1985) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01134.x · Cited by 1,448 · see citing works

The extended contact effect: Knowledge of cross-group friendships and prejudice.

Wright, S. C., Aron, A. P., McLaughlin‐Volpe, T., & Ropp, S. A. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.73 · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works

Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior.

Turner, J. C. (2010) · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works

On the Nature of Prejudice: Automatic and Controlled Processes

Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1331 · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works

Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures.

Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.893 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works

The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice, and Intergroup Relations

Walker, H. A., Jost, J. T., & Major, B. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/3089567 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works

Aversive Racism and Selection Decisions: 1989 and 1999

Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00262 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works

Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination

(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605634 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works

Living with racism: the black middle-class experience

(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-1143 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works

A justification-suppression model of the expression and experience of prejudice.

Crandall, C. S., & Eshleman, A. K. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.414 · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works

Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others.

Fein, S., & Spencer, S. J. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.31 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works

Relations among the Implicit Association Test, Discriminatory Behavior, and Explicit Measures of Racial Attitudes

McConnell, A. R., & Leibold, J. M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2000.1470 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works

Performance on Indirect Measures of Race Evaluation Predicts Amygdala Activation

Phelps, E. A., O'Connor, K. J., Cunningham, W. A., Funayama, E. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., & Banaji, M. R. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900562552 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works

Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice1

Tajfel, H. (1969) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1969.tb00620.x · Cited by 990 · see citing works

Stereotypes and Stereotyping

Macrae, C. N., Hewstone, M., & Stangor, C. (1996) · Cited by 908 · see citing works

The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction

Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. (1974) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(74)90059-6 · Cited by 902 · see citing works

The Immigration Dilemma: The Role of Perceived Group Competition, Ethnic Prejudice, and National Identity

Esses, V., Dovidio, J., Jackson, L., & Armstrong, T. L. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00220 · Cited by 857 · see citing works

Prejudice as Group Position: Microfoundations of a Sociological Approach to Racism and Race Relations

Bobo, L. D. (1999) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00127 · Cited by 834 · see citing works

Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures.

Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262 · Cited by 821 · see citing works

Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization.

Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J., Murrell, A. J., & Dovidio, J. F. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.239 · Cited by 814 · see citing works

An American Dilemma; The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy

Furfey, P. H., Myrdal, G., Sterner, R., & Rose, A. M. (1944) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3706530 · Cited by 784 · see citing works

Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America

Dei, G. J. S., Asgharzadeh, A., Sears, D. O., Sidanius, J., & Bobo, L. D. (2002) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/3089394 · Cited by 701 · see citing works

Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members.

Park, B., & Rothbart, M. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1051 · Cited by 653 · see citing works

Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test.

(2001) · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.5.774 · Cited by 606 · see citing works

Why can't we just get along? Interpersonal biases and interracial distrust.

Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. E., Kawakami, K., & Hodson, G. (2002) · Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.88 · Cited by 593 · see citing works

Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Female Authority

Rudman, L. A., & Kilianski, S. E. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200263001 · Cited by 586 · see citing works

Group Conflict and Co-operation: Their Social Psychology

Sherif, M. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 583 · see citing works

Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations

Dovidio, J. F., Evans, N., & Tyler, R. B. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(86)90039-9 · Cited by 568 · see citing works

Cultural divides: understanding and overcoming group conflict

(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-2846 · Cited by 555 · see citing works

Just say no (to stereotyping): Effects of training in the negation of stereotypic associations on stereotype activation.

Kawakami, K., Dovidio, J. F., Moll, J., Hermsen, S., & Russin, A. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.5.871 · Cited by 553 · see citing works

Groups in Contact: The Psychology of Desegregation.

Rist, R. C., Miller, N. A., & Brewer, M. B. (1985) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2069567 · Cited by 550 · see citing works

When Prejudice Does Not Pay: Effects of Interracial Contact on Executive Function

Richeson, J. A., & Shelton, J. N. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.03437 · Cited by 538 · see citing works

The social psychology of prejudice

(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-2742 · Cited by 531 · see citing works

Nonconscious Behavioral Confirmation Processes: The Self-Fulfilling Consequences of Automatic Stereotype Activation

Chen, M. I.-C., & Bargh, J. A. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1329 · Cited by 526 · see citing works

Preconscious control of stereotype activation through chronic egalitarian goals.

Moskowitz, G. B., Gollwitzer, P. M., Wasel, W., & Schaal, B. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.167 · Cited by 500 · see citing works

Untitled work

(1998) · Cited by 478 · see citing works

Formal and Interpersonal Discrimination: A Field Study of Bias Toward Homosexual Applicants

Hebl, M. R., Foster, J. B., Mannix, L. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202289010 · Cited by 476 · see citing works

Superordinate Identification, Subgroup Identification, and Justice Concerns: Is Separatism the Problem; Is Assimilation the Answer?

Huo, Y. J., Smith, H. J., Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1996) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00664.x · Cited by 430 · see citing works

Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives

Campbell, D. T. (1966) · Cited by 413 · see citing works

How does cooperation reduce intergroup bias?

Gaertner, S. L., Mann, J. A., Dovidio, J. F., Murrell, A. J., & Pomare, M. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.59.4.692 · Cited by 408 · see citing works

Modern Racism and Modern Discrimination

McConahay, J. B. (1983) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167283094004 · Cited by 406 · see citing works

Racial Stereotypes: Associations and Ascriptions of Positive and Negative Characteristics

Gaertner, S. L., & McLaughlin, J. P. (1983) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033657 · Cited by 405 · see citing works

Improving Intergroup Relations

Stephan, W., & Stephan, C. (2001) · doi:10.4135/9781452229225 · Cited by 401 · see citing works

The cognitive consequences of secrecy.

Lane, J. D., & Wegner, D. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.2.237 · Cited by 374 · see citing works

Just Doing Business: Modern Racism and Obedience to Authority as Explanations for Employment Discrimination

Brief, A. P., Dietz, J., Cohen, R. R., Pugh, S. D., & Vaslow, J. B. (2000) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2867 · Cited by 352 · see citing works

Social categorization and memory for in-group and out-group behavior.

Howard, J. W., & Rothbart, M. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.301 · Cited by 350 · see citing works

Personalization and the Promise of Contact Theory

Miller, N. (2002) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00267 · Cited by 345 · see citing works

The subtlety of White racism, arousal, and helping behavior.

Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.10.691 · Cited by 320 · see citing works

Processes in Racial Discrimination: Differential Weighting of Conflicting Information

Hodson, G., Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202287004 · Cited by 303 · see citing works

The Content of Our Categories: A Cognitive Bias Approach to Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity

Krieger, L. H. (1995) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229191 · Cited by 301 · see citing works

Race in the Courtroom: Perceptions of Guilt and Dispositional Attributions

Sommers, S. R., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167200263005 · Cited by 283 · see citing works

Belief in U.S. Government Conspiracies Against Blacks among Black and White College Students: Powerlessness or System Blame?

Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Broadnax, S., & Blaine, B. E. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672992511003 · Cited by 283 · see citing works

Social identity and individual productivity within groups

Worchel, S., Rothgerber, H., Day, E. A., Hart, D. E., & Butemeyer, J. (1998) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01181.x · Cited by 266 · see citing works

Social motivation: Conscious and unconscious processes

Forgas, J. P., Williams, K. D., & Laham, S. M. (2004) · Cited by 262 · see citing works

Suppression as a Stereotype Control Strategy

Monteith, M. J., Sherman, J. W., & Devine, P. G. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0201_4 · Cited by 261 · see citing works

Racism, ideology, and affirmative action revisited: The antecedents and consequences of "principled objections" to affirmative action.

Federico, C. M., & Sidanius, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.4.488 · Cited by 256 · see citing works

White juror bias: An investigation of prejudice against Black defendants in the American courtroom.

Sommers, S. R., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2001) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.1.201 · Cited by 247 · see citing works

Implicit and Explicit Attitudes: Examination of the Relationship between Measures of Intergroup Bias

Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Beach, K. R. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470693421.ch9 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

Evidence for Implicit Evaluative In-Group Bias: Affect-Biased Spontaneous Trait Inference in a Minimal Group Paradigm

Otten, S., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1399 · Cited by 220 · see citing works

Changing Interracial Evaluations and Behavior: The Effects of a Common Group Identity

Nier, J. A., Gaertner, S. L., Dovidio, J. F., Banker, B. S., Ward, C. M., & Rust, M. C. (2001) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430201004004001 · Cited by 215 · see citing works

Is this about You or Me? Self-Versus Other-Directed Judgments and Feelings in Response to Intergroup Interaction

Vorauer, J. D., & Kumhyr, S. M. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201276006 · Cited by 210 · see citing works

Regional differences in anti-Negro prejudice.

Pettigrew, T. F. (1959) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0047133 · Cited by 205 · see citing works

A Reconceptualization of How We Study Issues of Racial Prejudice

Shelton, J. N. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0404_6 · Cited by 199 · see citing works

15. The Reduction of Intergroup Tensions

Williams, R. M., & Rose, P. I. (2019) · Cornell University Press eBooks · doi:10.7591/9781501728914-018 · Cited by 197 · see citing works

Race and Sex Differences in Career Dynamics

Rosenfeld, R. A. (1980) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095010 · Cited by 189 · see citing works

Affirmative Action, Unintentional Racial Biases, and Intergroup Relations

Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1996) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1996.tb01848.x · Cited by 185 · see citing works

Meritocracy and opposition to affirmative action: Making concessions in the face of discrimination.

Hing, L. S. S., Bobocel, D. R., & Zanna, M. P. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.493 · Cited by 180 · see citing works

Inducing Hypocrisy to Reduce Prejudicial Responses among Aversive Racists

Hing, L. S. S., Li, W., & Zanna, M. P. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.2001.1484 · Cited by 177 · see citing works

Forms of Racism and the Cumulative Dimension of Ethnic Attitudes

Kleinpenning, G., & Hagendoorn, L. (1993) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786643 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Procedure and outcome effects on reactions to adjudicated resolution of conflicts of interest.

Lind, E. A., Walker, L., Kurtz, S. T., Musante, L., & Thibaut, J. W. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.4.643 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Developing a More Inclusive Social Identity: An Elementary School Intervention

Houlette, M. A., Gaertner, S. L., Johnson, K. M., Banker, B. S., Riek, B. M., & Dovidio, J. F. (2004) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00098.x · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Team Performance and Training in Complex Environments

Cannon‐Bowers, J. A., & Eduardo Salas, A. (1998) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10773005 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Justice and power: when will justice concerns encourage the advantaged to support policies which redistribute economic resources and the disadvantaged to willingly obey the law?

Smith, H. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199603)26:2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works

Affirmative Action in Perspective

Blanchard, F. A., & Crosby, F. J. (1989) · Recent research in psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-9639-0 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Deindividuation and anger-mediated interracial aggression: Unmasking regressive racism.

Rogers, R. W., & Prentice‐Dunn, S. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.41.1.63 · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Aversive Racism and Resistance to Affirmative Action: Perception of Justice Are Not Necessarily Color Blind

Murrell, A. J., Dietz-Uhler, B. L., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Drout, C. E. (1994) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.1994.9646073 · Cited by 137 · see citing works

Public Attitudes Toward Immigration in the United States and Canada in Response to the September 11, 2001 “Attack on America”

Esses, V. M., Dovidio, J. F., & Hodson, G. (2002) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2002.00028.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works

Helping behavior and racial discrimination among liberals and conservatives.

Gaertner, S. L. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034221 · Cited by 131 · see citing works

Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action Plans Directed at Blacks: Effects of Plan and Individual Differences1

Kravitz, D. A. (1995) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01833.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works

Significant factors in overevaluation of own-group's product.

Ferguson, C. K., & Kelley, H. H. (1964) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0046572 · Cited by 123 · see citing works

How Dissociated Are Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes? A Bogus Pipeline Approach

Nier, J. A. (2004) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430205048615 · Cited by 118 · see citing works

Who’s Displaced First? The Role of Race in Layoff Decisions

Elvira, M. M., & Zatzick, C. D. (2002) · Industrial Relations A Journal of Economy and Society · doi:10.1111/1468-232x.00248 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

The Effects of Race, Status, and Ability on Helping Behavior

Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1981) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033833 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

Perceiving Persons as a Group: Categorization and Intergroup Relations

Hamilton, D. L. (2015) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315668758-13 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Interindividual-intergroup discontinuity reduction through the anticipation of future interaction.

Insko, C. A., Schopler, J., Gaertner, L., Wildschut, T., Kozar, R., Pinter, B., Finkel, E. J., Brazil, D. M., Cecil, C. L., & Montoya, M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.95 · Cited by 100 · see citing works

White Racism: A Psychohistory

Sills, C. (1972) · Telos · doi:10.3817/0672012137 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Reactions to stigma: The moderating role of justifications.

Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1994) · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Prejudice and Ingroup Favoritism in a Minimal Intergroup Situation

Crocker, J., & Schwartz, I. (1985) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167285114004 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Racism in the provision of mental health services: A social-cognitive analysis.

Whaley, A. L. (1998) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080269 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Justice is Still Not Colorblind: Differential Racial Effects of Exposure to Inadmissible Evidence

Johnson, J. D., Whitestone, E., Jackson, L. A., & Gatto, L. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295219003 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Selective pressures on the once and future contents of ethnic stereotypes: Effects of the communicability of traits.

Schaller, M., Conway, L. G., & Tanchuk, T. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.861 · Cited by 88 · see citing works

Helping and the avoidance of inappropriate interracial behavior: A strategy that perpetuates a nonprejudiced self-image.

Frey, D. L., & Gaertner, S. L. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1083 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Achieving stepfamily harmony: An intergroup-relations approach.

Banker, B. S., & Gaertner, S. L. (1998) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.12.3.310 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Political orientation and modern versus aversive racism: Tests of Dovidio and Gaertner's (1998) integrated model.

Nail, P. R., Harton, H. C., & Decker, B. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.754 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Affirmative Action as Help: A Review of Recipient Reactions to Preferential Selection and Affirmative Action

Turner, M. E., & Pratkanis, A. R. (1994) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.1994.9646072 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Releasing the Beast: A Study of Compliance with Orders to Use Race as a Selection Criterion

Brief, A. P., Buttram, R. T., Elliott, J. D., Reizenstein, R. M., & McCline, R. L. (1995) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01340.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Variables in interracial aggression: Anonymity, expected retaliation, and a riot.

Donnerstein, E., Donnerstein, M., Simon, S., & Ditrichs, R. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032597 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

Justice, Liability, and Blame

Robinson, P. H., & Darley, J. M. (2019) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429039812 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

Proneness to prejudiced responses: Toward understanding the authenticity of self-reported discrepancies.

Monteith, M. J., & Voils, C. I. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.901 · Cited by 77 · see citing works

A Comparison of the Experiences of Dominant and Minority Group Members during an Intergroup Encounter

Hyers, L. L., & Swim, J. K. (1998) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430298012003 · Cited by 73 · see citing works

Racial Attitudes and the Death Penalty1

Dovidio, J. F., Smith, J. K., Donnella, A. G., & Gaertner, S. L. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01609.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works

On the Origins of Racial Attitudes: Correlates of Childhood Experiences

Towles-Schwen, T., & Fázio, R. H. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201272003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Focus of attention in minimal intergroup discrimination

Abrams, D. J. (1985) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1985.tb00661.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Variables in interracial aggression: Potential ingroup censure.

Donnerstein, E., & Donnerstein, M. (1973) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034452 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

The Effects of Sex, Status, and Ability on Helping Behavior1

Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1983) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb01734.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Factors Affecting Health‐Care Allocation Decisions: A Case of Aversive Racism?

Murphy‐Berman, V., Berman, J. J., & Campbell, E. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01369.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Symbolic Racism and Voting Behavior on Proposition 2091

SAWIRES, J. N., & PEACOCK, M. J. (2000) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02426.x · Cited by 38 · see citing works

The ironies of affirmative action: politics, culture, and justice in America

(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5402 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Famous or Infamous? The Influence of Celebrity Status and Race on Perceptions of Responsibility for Rape

Knight, J. L., Giuliano, T. A., & Sanchez-Ross, M. G. (2001) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp2303_4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Civil Rights Perestroika: Intergroup Relations after Affirmative Action

Krieger, L. H. (1998) · California Law Review · doi:10.2307/3481107 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Exploring the Discrepancy Between Implicit and Explicit Prejudice: A Test of Aversive Racism Theory

Hing, L. S. S., Chung‐Yan, G. A., Grunfeld, R., Robichaud, L. K., & Zanna, M. P. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511735066.017 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Disinhibition of stereotyping: context, prejudice, and target characteristics

Kawakami, K., Spears, R., & Dovidio, J. F. (2002) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.106 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The O. J. Simpson Trial: Challenges to Science and Society

Fairchild, H. H., & Cowan, G. A. (1997) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1997.tb02130.x · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The Balance Between Excitation and Inhibition in Stereotype Use

Wyer, J. R. S. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203763650-17 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review

FitzGerald, C., & Hurst, S. (2017) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8 · Cited by 2,398 · see citing works

Concept Creep: Psychology's Expanding Concepts of Harm and Pathology

Haslam, N. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1082418 · Cited by 538 · see citing works

Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology

Burgess, D., van Ryn, M., Dovidio, J., & Saha, S. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0160-1 · Cited by 495 · see citing works

Disparities and distrust: The implications of psychological processes for understanding racial disparities in health and health care

Dovidio, J. F., Penner, L. A., Albrecht, T. L., Norton, W. E., Gaertner, S. L., & Shelton, J. N. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.019 · Cited by 455 · see citing works

Understanding and Addressing Contemporary Racism: From Aversive Racism to the Common Ingroup Identity Model

Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2005) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00424.x · Cited by 424 · see citing works

When Suffering Begets Suffering: The Psychology of Competitive Victimhood Between Adversarial Groups in Violent Conflicts

Noor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Nadler, A. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868312440048 · Cited by 419 · see citing works

The accidental transgressor: Morally-relevant theory of mind

Killen, M., Mulvey, K. L., Richardson, C., Jampol, N., & Woodward, A. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.006 · Cited by 384 · see citing works

Valuing thoughts, ignoring behavior: The introspection illusion as a source of the bias blind spot

Pronin, E., & Kugler, M. B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.011 · Cited by 366 · see citing works

Back to the Future of Dissonance Theory: Cognitive Consistency as a Core Motive

Gawronski, B. (2012) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.6.652 · Cited by 342 · see citing works

The neuroscience of race

Kubota, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Phelps, E. A. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3136 · Cited by 242 · see citing works

AI generates covertly racist decisions about people based on their dialect

Hofmann, V., Kalluri, P. R., Jurafsky, D., & King, S. (2024) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07856-5 · Cited by 233 · see citing works

Stereotype threat in organizations: implications for equity and performance

Walton, G. M., Murphy, M. C., & Ryan, A. M. (2015) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111322 · Cited by 184 · see citing works

Mindfulness practice: A promising approach to reducing the effects of clinician implicit bias on patients

Burgess, D. J., Beach, M. C., & Saha, S. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2016.09.005 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

A Company I Can Trust? Organizational Lay Theories Moderate Stereotype Threat for Women

Emerson, K. T. U., & Murphy, M. C. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214564969 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Integrating time into stigma and health research

Earnshaw, V. A., Watson, R. J., Eaton, L. A., Brousseau, N. M., Laurenceau, J.-P., & Fox, A. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00034-2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works

Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects

Gawronski, B., & Corneille, O. (2025) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-051324-031037 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

BOOK REVIEWS

(1974) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1974.76.3.02a00930

Racism, Discrimination, and PrejudicePreprint

Fish, J., & Syed, M. (2019) · The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gh8kr · Cited by 2 · see citing works

White-on-Black Racism and Corlett’s Idea of Racism

Ikuenobe, P. A. (2013) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-013-9259-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Racism, Discrimination, and Prejudice

Fish, J., & Syed, M. (2020) · The Encyclopedia of Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/9781119171492.wecad464 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Does racism equal prejudice plus power?

Scott, J. (2022) · Analysis · doi:10.1093/analys/anac009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works