Diabetic ketoacidosis: A common debut of diabetes among African Americans with type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
Objective More than half of African Americans (AA) with a new diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis have clinical and metabolic features of type 2 diabetes during follow-up. This particular presentation of diabetes has been termed as ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPDM) or atypical diabetes.Methods We review the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and acute and long-term management of AA with KPDM and compare these similarities to patients with type 2 diabetes.Results In contrast to the long-term insulin requirement of auto-immune type 1 diabetes, patients with KPDM are able to discontinue insulin after a few months of therapy and maintain acceptable glycemic control for many years on either diet or oral agents. Patients with KPDM have significant impairment of both insulin secretion and insulin action at presentation; however, at the time of near-normoglycemia remission, insulin secretion and action improve to levels similar to hyperglycemic patients with ketosis-resistant type 2 diabetes. In the long term, however, patients with KPDM have a decline in β-cell function similar to patients with type 2 diabetes. Recent studies indicate that treatment with metformin and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors can prolong the period of near-normoglycemia remission for several years compared to placebo therapy.Conclusion KPDM is a unique but common presentation of newly diagnosed African Americans with type 2 diabetes.Abbreviations A(+/-) = auto-antibody positive/negative AA = African Americans DKA = diabetic ketoacidosis FFA = free fatty acids G6PD = glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase GAD-65 = 65-kDA glutamic acid decarboxylase HBA1c = glycated hemoglobin A1c HHV8 = human herpes virus 8 HLA = human leukocyte antigen KPDM = ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes.
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Diabetic ketoacidosis can occur in people with type 2 diabetes.
“However, DKA can also occur in persons with T2D.28–31”
From American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Occasionally, people with type 2 diabetes may present with DKA, particularly members of certain racial and ethnic groups, such as African American adults, who may present with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes.
“Occasionally, people with type 2 diabetes may present with DKA (37,38), particularly members of certain racial and ethnic groups (e.g., African American adults, who may present with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes) (39).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024</i> (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Vellanki, P., & Umpierrez, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Umpierrez, Guillermo E.
- Venue
- Endocrine Practice
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 971-978
- ISSN
- 1530-891X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6092188
- OpenAlex
- W2618920464
- Cited by
- 73
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Endocrine Practice (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association (1-14-LLY-36)
- AstraZeneca
- Sanofi
- Emory University (RR025008)
- Novo Nordisk
- National Institutes of Health (RR025008)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK111024)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025008, RR025008)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- diabetic ketoacidosis, ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes, African Americans, type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion, insulin resistance, beta-cell function, remission, metformin, DPP-4 inhibitors, insulin discontinuation, pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Black or African American, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Diabetic Ketoacidosis
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