Current understandings of the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: genetics to environment
Open accessAbstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that usually strikes early in life, but can affect individuals at almost any age. It is caused by autoreactive T cells that destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Epidemiological studies estimate a prevalence of 1 in 300 children in the United States with an increasing incidence of 2%-5% annually worldwide. The daily responsibility, clinical management, and vigilance required to maintain blood sugar levels within normal range and avoid acute complications (hypoglycemic episodes and diabetic ketoacidosis) and long term micro- and macro-vascular complications significantly affects quality of life and public health care costs. Given the expansive impact of T1D, research work has accelerated and T1D has been intensively investigated with the focus to better understand, manage and cure this condition. Many advances have been made in the past decades in this regard, but key questions remain as to why certain people develop T1D, but not others, with the glaring example of discordant disease incidence among monozygotic twins. In this review, we discuss the field's current understanding of its pathophysiology and the role of genetics and environment on the development of T1D. We examine the potential implications of these findings with an emphasis on T1D inheritance patterns, twin studies, and disease prevention. Through a better understanding of this process, interventions can be developed to prevent or halt it at early stages.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The function of β cells and α cells changes with the glucose environment in an individual's body.
“The function of β cells and α cells changes with the glucose environment in an individual's body (69, 70).”
From Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments (2020) · cites this paper as [69]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Indigenous <i>Clostridium</i> Species
Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Shima, T., Imaoka, A., Kuwahara, T., Momose, Y., Cheng, G., Yamasaki, S., Saito, T., Ohba, Y., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198469 · Cited by 3,752 · see citing works
Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes
Wen, L., Ley, R. E., Volchkov, P. Y., Stranges, P. B., Avanesyan, L., Stonebraker, A. C., Hu, C., Wong, F. S., Szot, G. L., Bluestone, J. A., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07336 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study
Hyppönen, E., Läärä, E., Reunanen, A., Järvelin, M., & Virtanen, S. M. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06580-1 · Cited by 1,920 · see citing works
Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms
Uitterlinden, A. G., Fang, Y., van Meurs, J. B. J., Pols, H. A. P., & van Leeuwen, J. P. T. M. (2004) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.05.014 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works
Vitamin D and the immune system
Aranow, C. (2011) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.2310/jim.0b013e31821b8755 · Cited by 1,436 · see citing works
Kostic, A. D., Gevers, D., Siljander, H., Vatanen, T., Hyötyläinen, T., Hämäläinen, A., Peet, A., Tillmann, V., Pöhö, P., Mattila, I. M., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.01.001 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes
Maahs, D. M., West, N. A., Lawrence, J. M., & Mayer-Davis, E. J. (2010) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2010.05.011 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
Type 1 Diabetes: Etiology, Immunology, and Therapeutic Strategies
Van Belle, T. L., Coppieters, K. T., & Von Herrath, M. G. (2011) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00003.2010 · Cited by 1,022 · see citing works
Virus-Induced Diabetes Mellitus
Yoon, J., Austin, M., Onodera, T., & Notkins, A. L. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197905243002102 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Brown, C. T., Davis-Richardson, A. G., Giongo, A., Gano, K. A., Crabb, D. B., Mukherjee, N., Casella, G., Drew, J. C., Ilonen, J., Knip, M., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025792 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group (2006) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0690 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes
Rewers, M., & Ludvigsson, J. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30507-4 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Kaprio, J. A., Tuomilehto, J., Koskenvuo, M., Romanov, K., Reunanen, A., Eriksson, J. G., Stengård, J., & Kesäniemi, Y. A. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf02221682 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
The accelerator hypothesis: weight gain as the missing link between type I and type II diabetes
Wilkin, T. J. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250100548 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study: Rationale, Findings, and Future Directions
Hamman, R. F., Bell, R. A., Dabelea, D., D’Agostino, R. B., Dolan, L. M., Imperatore, G., Lawrence, J. M., Linder, B. L., Marcovina, S. M., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-0574 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Stockman, J. A. (2008) · Yearbook of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0084-3954(08)70503-7 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Early Infant Feeding and Risk of Developing Type 1 Diabetes–Associated Autoantibodies
Ziegler, A. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.13.1721 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity
Norris, J. M. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.290.13.1713 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Environmental Triggers and Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes
Knip, M., Veijola, R., Virtanen, S. M., Hyöty, H., Vaarala, O., & Åkerblom, H. K. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.suppl_2.s125 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Cow's Milk Exposure and Type I Diabetes Mellitus: A critical overview of the clinical literature
Gerstein, H. C. (1994) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.17.1.13 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Genetic Liability of Type 1 Diabetes and the Onset Age Among 22,650 Young Finnish Twin Pairs
Harjutsalo, V., Kaprio, J. A., Kinnunen, L., Koskenvuo, M. J., & Tuomilehto, J. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.4.1052 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Kyvik, K. O., Green, A., & Beck‐Nielsen, H. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.311.7010.913 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Rakyan, V. K., Beyan, H., Down, T. A., Hawa, M. I., Maslau, S., Aden, D., Daunay, A., Busato, F., Mein, C. A., Manfras, B. J., et al. (2011) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002300 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Burrack, A. L., Martinov, T., & Fife, B. T. (2017) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2017.00343 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Insulin: Discovery and Controversy
Rosenfeld, L. (2002) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/48.12.2270 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Norris, J. M., Yin, X., Lamb, M. M., Barriga, K. J., Seifert, J. A., Hoffman, M., Orton, H. D., Barón, A. E., Clare-Salzler, M. J., Chase, H. P., et al. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.12.1420 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Fatty Acids as Modulators of the Immune Response
Fritsche, K. L. (2006) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092610 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Steck, A. K., & Rewers, M. (2011) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.148221 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
The Implication of Vitamin D and Autoimmunity: a Comprehensive Review
Yang, C., Leung, P. S. C., Adamopoulos, I. E., & Gershwin, M. E. (2013) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8361-3 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Coxsackie B virus infection and onset of childhood diabetes
Clements, G. B., Galbraith, D. N., & Taylor, K. W. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91270-3 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Littorin, B., Blom, P. J. J., Schölin, A., Arnqvist, H. J., Blohmé, G., Bolinder, J., Ekbom-Schnell, A., Eriksson, J. W., Guðbjörnsdóttir, S., Nyström, L., et al. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0426-x · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Coxsackievirus B1 Is Associated With Induction of β-Cell Autoimmunity That Portends Type 1 Diabetes
Laitinen, O. H., Honkanen, H., Pakkanen, O., Oikarinen, S., Hankaniemi, M. M., Huhtala, H., Ruokoranta, T. M., Lecouturier, V., André, P., Harju, R., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-0619 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
The vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism: Functional impact on the immune system
van Etten, E., Verlinden, L., Giulietti, A., Ramos‐Lopez, E., Brǎnişteanu, D. D. D., Ferreira, G. B., Overbergh, L., Verstuyf, A., Bouillon, R., Roep, B. O., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200636043 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Kew, S., Mesa, M. D., Tricon, S., Buckley, R. A., Minihane, A. M., & Yaqoob, P. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.4.674 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Fourlanos, S., Varney, M. D., Tait, B. D., Morahan, G., Honeyman, M. C., Colman, P. G., & Harrison, L. C. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0239 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The significance of the concordance rate for Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes in identical twins
Olmos, P. R., A’Hern, R., Heaton, D., Millward, B. A., Risley, D., Pyke, D. A., & Leslie, R. D. G. (1988) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00274777 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults and children in Kronoberg, Sweden
Thunander, M., Petersson, C., Jonzon, K., Fornander, J., Ossiansson, B., Torn, C., Edvardsson, S., & Landin-Olsson, M. (2008) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.07.022 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Seasonal variation of diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes mellitus in children worldwide
Moltchanova, E. V., Schreier, N., Lammi, N., & Karvonen, M. (2009) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02743.x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Intestinal Permeability. Changes during the First Month
Catassi, C., Bonucci, A., Coppa, G. V., Carlucci, A., & Giorgi, P. L. (1995) · Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition · doi:10.1097/00005176-199511000-00003 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Rogers, M. A. M., Kim, C., Banerjee, T., & Lee, J. M. (2017) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0958-6 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Kimpimäki, T., Kupila, A., Hämäläinen, A.-M., Kukko, M., Kulmala, P., Savola, K., Simell, T. T., Keskinen, P., Ilonen, J., Simell, O., et al. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7907 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Cianciaruso, C., Phelps, E. A., Pasquier, M. C., Hamelin, R., Demurtas, D., Ahmed, M. A., Piemonti, L., Hirosue, S., Swartz, M. A., Palma, M. D., et al. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-0671 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Colin, E. M., Weel, A. E. A. M., Uitterlinden, A. G., et al. (2000) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.00909.x · Cited by 189 · see citing works
High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy children
Bener, A., Alsaied, A., Al‐Ali, M., Al-Kubaisi, A., Basha, B. M., Abraham, A., Guiter, G. E., & Mian, M. (2008) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-008-0071-6 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Epidemiology of neonatal enterovirus infection
Jenista, J. A., Powell, K. R., & Menegus, M. A. (1984) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(84)80944-0 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
REDONDO, M. J., Rewers, M., Yu, L., Garg, S. K., Pilcher, C. C., Elliott, R. B., & Eisenbarth, G. S. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7185.698 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Norris, J. M. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540080031025 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Immunologic Activity in the Small Intestinal Mucosa of Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Westerholm‐Ormio, M., Vaarala, O., Pihkala, P., et al. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2287 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Virtanen, S. M., Kenward, M. G., Erkkola, M., Kautiainen, S., Kronberg‐Kippilä, C., Hakulinen, T. R., Ahonen, S., Uusitalo, L., Niinistö, S., Veijola, R., et al. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0236-1 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Kimpimäki, T., Erkkola, M., Korhonen, S., Kupila, A., Virtanen, S. M., Ilonen, J., Simell, O., & Knip, M. (2001) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051581 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Kumar, D., Gemayel, N. S., Deapen, D., Kapadia, D., Yamashita, P. H., Lee, M., Dwyer, J. H., Roy‐Burman, P., Bray, G. A., & Mack, T. M. (1993) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.42.9.1351 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Oikarinen, S., Tauriainen, S., Hober, D., Lucas, B., Vazeou, A., Sioofy‐Khojine, A., Bozas, E., Muir, P., Honkanen, H., Ilonen, J., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db13-0620 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Maternal Antibodies in Breast Milk Protect the Child From Enterovirus Infections
Sadeharju, K., Knip, M., Virtanen, S. M., et al. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0780 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Reprogrammed Stomach Tissue as a Renewable Source of Functional β Cells for Blood Glucose Regulation
Ariyachet, C., Tovaglieri, A., Xiang, G., Lu, J., Shah, M. S., Richmond, C. A., Verbeke, C., Melton, D. A., Stanger, B. Z., Mooney, D. J., et al. (2016) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.01.003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Rosenn, B., Miodovnik, M., Combs, C. A., Khoury, J. C., & Siddiqi, T. A. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Ahmed, R., Omidian, Z., Giwa, A., Cornwell, B., Majety, N., Bell, D. R., Lee, S., Zhang, H., Michels, A. W., Desiderio, S. V., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.007 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationLow levels of vitamin D in North Indian children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes
Borkar, V., Verma, S., & Bhalla, A. (2009) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00589.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Variation by age group and seasonally at diagnosis of childhood IDDM in Europe
Lévy‐Marchal, C., Patterson, C., Green, A., Schober, E., Ullreich, G., Vandewalle, C. L., Svendsen, A. J., Lounamaa, R., Tuomilehto, J., Åkerblom, H. K., et al. (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050359 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Spontaneous abortion among insulin-dependent diabetic women
Miodovnik, M., Lavin, J. P., Knowles, H. C., et al. (1984) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(84)80141-6 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Li, X., Liao, L., Yan, X., Huang, G., Lin, J., Lei, M., Wang, X., & Zhou, Z. (2009) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.977 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Differential Transmission of Type 1 Diabetes from Diabetic Fathers and Mothers to Their Offspring
Harjutsalo, V., Reunanen, A., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db05-1296 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Incidence and trend of type 1 diabetes and the underlying environmental determinants
Xia, Y., Xie, Z., Huang, G., & Zhou, Z. (2018) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3075 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
β cell ER stress and the implications for immunogenicity in type 1 diabetes
Marré, M. L., James, E. A., & Piganelli, J. D. (2015) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2015.00067 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Luopajärvi, K., Savilahti, E., Virtanen, S. M., Ilonen, J., Knip, M., Åkerblom, H. K., & Vaarala, O. (2008) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2008.00413.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Rationale for enteroviral vaccination and antiviral therapies in human type 1 diabetes
Dunne, J. L., Richardson, S. J., Atkinson, M. A., Craig, M. E., Dahl‐Jørgensen, K., Flodström‐Tullberg, M., Hyöty, H., Insel, R. A., Lernmark, Å., Lloyd, R. E., et al. (2019) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-019-4811-7 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Type 1 diabetes genome‐wide association studies: not to be lost in translation
Pociot, F. (2017) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1038/cti.2017.51 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Prognostic Value of Blood Glucose in Diabetic Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Fava, S., Aquilina, O., Azzopardi, J. G., Muscat, H. A., & Fenech, F. F. (1996) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199601)13:1 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dahlquist, G. G., Savilahti, E., & Landin‐Olsson, M. (1992) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00401429 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Viral infections and molecular mimicry in type 1 diabetes
Coppieters, K. T., Wiberg, A., & von Herrath, M. G. (2012) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.12011 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Savilahti, E., Åkerblom, H. K., Tainio, V.-M., & Koskimies, S. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Environmental Factors Associated With Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
D’Angeli, M., Merzon, E., Valbuena, L. F., Tirschwell, D., Paris, C. A., & Mueller, B. A. (2010) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.115 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Holmberg, H., Wahlberg, J., Vaarala, O., Ludvigsson, J., & for the ABIS study group (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507210189 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The environment and the origins of islet autoimmunity and Type 1 diabetes
Regnell, S. E., & Lernmark, Å. (2012) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12099 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Willis, J. A., Scott, R. S., Darlow, B. A., Lewy, H., Ashkenazi, I. E., & Laron, Z. (2002) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.2002.15.5.645 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pugliese, A., Boulware, D., Yu, L., Babu, S., Steck, A. K., Becker, D., Rodriguez, H., DiMeglio, L., Evans-Molina, C., Harrison, L. C., et al. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-1105 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Delli, A. J., Lindblad, B., Carlsson, A., Forsander, G., Ivarsson, S. A., Ludvigsson, J., Marcus, C., Lernmark, Å., & for the Better Diabetes Diagnosis (BDD) Study Group (2010) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00637.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Current and Future Strategies
Aghazadeh, Y., & Nostro, M. (2017) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0863-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Virus-like infection induces human β cell dedifferentiation
Oshima, M., Knoch, K.-P., Diedisheim, M., Petzold, A., Cattan, P., Bugliani, M., Marchetti, P., Choudhary, P., Huang, G.-C., Bornstein, S. R., et al. (2018) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.97732 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Saukkonen, T. T., Savilahti, E., Vaarala, O., Virtala, E. T., Tuomilehto, J., Åkerblom, H. K., & The Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group (1994) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.17.9.970 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Viral Infection of Engrafted Human Islets Leads to Diabetes
Gallagher, G. R., Brehm, M. A., Finberg, R. W., BARTON, B. A., Shultz, L. D., Greiner, D. L., Bortell, R., & Wang, J. P. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-1020 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Insights into type 1 diabetes provided by genetic analyses
Morahan, G. (2012) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0b013e328355b7fe · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Virtanen, S. M., Niinistö, S., Nevalainen, J., Salminen, I., Takkinen, H. ‐., Kääriä, S.-M., Uusitalo, L., Alfthan, G., Kenward, M. G., Veijola, R., et al. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.75 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Incomplete immune response to coxsackie B viruses associates with early autoimmunity against insulin
Ashton, M. P., Eugster, A., Walther, D., Daehling, N., Riethausen, S., Kuehn, D., Klingel, K., Beyerlein, A., Zillmer, S., Ziegler, A., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep32899 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hakola, L., Takkinen, H., Niinistö, S., Ahonen, S., Nevalainen, J., Veijola, R., Ilonen, J., Toppari, J., Knip, M., & Virtanen, S. M. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx191 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The potential and challenges of alternative sources of β cells for the cure of type 1 diabetes
Cito, M., Pellegrini, S., Piemonti, L., & Sordi, V. (2018) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-18-0012 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
An Incidence Peak of Juvenile Diabetes. Relation to Coxsackie B Virus Immune Response
Friman, G., Fohlman, J., Frisk, G., et al. (1985) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10132.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Triolo, T. M., Fouts, A., Pyle, L., Yu, L., Gottlieb, P. A., Steck, A. K., Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group, Greenbaum, C. J., Atkinson, M. A., Baidal, D. A., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-0288 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gerling, I., Nejman, C., & Chatterjee, N. K. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.10.1419 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Phelps, E. A., Cianciaruso, C., Michael, I. P., Pasquier, M. C., Kanaani, J., Nano, R., Lavallard, V., Billestrup, N., Hubbell, J. A., & Bækkeskov, S. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-0180 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Larsson, P. G., Lakshmikanth, T., Svedin, E., King, C. M., & Flodström‐Tullberg, M. (2013) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2834-z · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Childhood BMI trajectories and the risk of developing young adult-onset diabetes
Lammi, N., Moltchanova, E. V., Blomstedt, P., Tuomilehto, J. O., Eriksson, J. G., & Karvonen, M. (2009) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-008-1244-0 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Lack of Seasonality in the Month of Onset of Childhood IDDM (0.7-15 years ) in Shanghai, China
Ye, J., Chen, R.-G., Ashkenazi, I. E., & Laron, Z. (1998) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem.1998.11.3.461 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A Study of Diabetes Mellitus Within a Large Sample of Australian Twins
Condon, J., Shaw, J. T. E., Luciano, M., Kyvik, K. O., Martin, N. G., & Duffy, D. L. (2008) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.11.1.28 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Xiao, Z., Mohamood, A. S., Uddin, S., et al. (2011) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Jaing, T., Hung, I., Chung, H., et al. (2002) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00308-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Infections: a double-edge sword in autoimmunity
Shamriz, O., & Shoenfeld, Y. (2018) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000490 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Temporal trends in spontaneous abortion associated with Type 1 diabetes
Dorman, J. S., Burke, J. P., McCarthy, B. J., Norris, J. M., Steenkiste, A. R., Aarons, J. H., Schmeltz, R., & Cruickshanks, K. J. (1999) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(98)00123-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Matsuda, A., & Kuzuya, T. (1994) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/0168-8227(94)90229-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Expansion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes
Luopajärvi, K., Nieminen, J. K., Ilonen, J., Åkerblom, H. K., Knip, M., & Vaarala, O. (2012) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2012.00852.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The “Three Amigos” lurking behind type 1 diabetes: Hygiene, gut microbiota and viruses
Jakobsen, O. A. J., & Szereday, L. (2018) · Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/030.65.2018.017 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ahmed, R., Omidian, Z., Donner, T. W., et al. (2018) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationStability of Reacted Chemstrip bG
Cox, D. J., Herrman, J., Snyder, A. L., et al. (1988) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.11.3.288 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Atsma, W. J. (1994) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/0378-5122(94)90076-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [50]Yoon JW Austin M Onodera T Notkins AL Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis N Engl J Med 1979 300 1173 1179 219345
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diabetes and Sarcopenic Obesity: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments
Wang, M., Tan, Y., Shi, Y., Wang, X., Liao, Z., & Wei, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00568 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Katz, A., Shulkin, A., Housni, A., Roy‐Fleming, A., Rabasa‐Lhoret, R., Yale, J., Tsoukas, M. A., Peters, T. M., & Brazeau, A. (2026) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70465 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Giwa, A. M., Ahmed, R., Omidian, Z., Majety, N., Karakus, K. E., Omer, S. M., Donner, T., & Hamad, A. R. A.
- Affiliations
- Koç University (TR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- World Journal of Diabetes
- Publisher
- Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
- Published
- 2020-01-15
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-25
- ISSN
- 1948-9358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6927819
- OpenAlex
- W2994833425
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 1.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- World Journal of Diabetes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Collections portal (Koç University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD044355)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Diabetes and associated disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, pathogenesis, autoimmune disease, beta cell destruction, autoreactive T cells, genetic susceptibility, environmental risk factors, monozygotic twin discordance, twin studies, mode of inheritance, disease prevention, incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
