The DOI matches its Crossref record.
An Introduction to Discourse Analysis
Abstract
Discourse analysis considers how language, both spoken and written, enacts social and cultural perspectives and identities. Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis examines the field and presents James Paul Gee’s unique integrated approach which incorporates both a theory of language-in-use and a method of research. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis can be used as a stand-alone textbook or ideally used in conjunction with the practical companion title How to do Discourse Analysis: A Toolkit. Together they provide the complete resource for students studying discourse analysis. Updated throughout, the fourth edition of this seminal textbook also includes two new chapters: ‘What is Discourse?’ to further understanding of the topic, as well as a new concluding section. A new companion website www.routledge.com/cw/gee features a frequently asked questions section, additional tasks to support understanding, a glossary and free access to journal articles by James Paul Gee. Clearly structured and written in a highly accessible style, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis includes perspectives from a variety of approaches and disciplines, including applied linguistics, education, psychology, anthropology and communication to help students and scholars from a range of backgrounds to formulate their own views on discourse and engage in their own discourse analysis. This is an essential textbook for all advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of discourse analysis.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, as Gee (2014) notes that, concerning discourse analysis, 'validity is never”
From I got all my sisters with me (on Black Twitter): second screening of How to Get Away with Murder as a discourse on Black Womanhood (2017) · cites this paper as Gee, 2014
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 1,001
Musical discourse in the theory of musical semiotics
Mitić, M. (2021) · Sinteze · doi:10.5937/sinteze10-34232 · Cited by 1
de Sanchez, G. A. (2022) · European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.30935/scimath/11988 · Cited by 1
(2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009105965.004 · Cited by 1
Malone, M. (2023) · Gateways International Journal of Community Research and Engagement · doi:10.5130/ijcre.v16i1.8606 · Cited by 1
Nupus, H., Djatmika, D., & Ngadiso, N. (2023) · Voices of English Language Education Society · doi:10.29408/veles.v7i3.21283 · Cited by 1
Teacher positioning within the figured world(s) of urban school science
Wade‐Jaimes, K., & Askew, R. (2024) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21866 · Cited by 2
Kinder, C., Munter, C., & Nguyen, P. (2024) · Educational Studies in Mathematics · doi:10.1007/s10649-024-10340-6 · Cited by 1
“As the medium through which individuals accomplish social practice (Gee, 2014; Lester et al., 2017), discourses get taken up by district leaders in their efforts to define and address mathematics-related problems.”
Self and Identity in English Language Learning
Majchrzak, O. (2024) · Springer texts in education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66532-5_8 · Cited by 1
Co-creation of value in a cultural organizations’ ecosystem
Robles, A. M. M., & Tostes, M. (2024) · Creative Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/17510694.2024.2411940 · Cited by 1
Authorship analysis of three Jordanian columnists: is there a linguistic fingerprint?
Al-Omari, M. A., Elhersh, H., Huneety, A., & Mashaqba, B. M. (2024) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2024.2434345 · Cited by 1
Terkper, P., & Baddianaah, I. (2024) · Environmental Research Communications · doi:10.1088/2515-7620/ad9c1f · Cited by 1
Theorizing CLIL Teacher Agency: An Ecological Perspective
Huang, Y.-P. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9677-9_2 · Cited by 1
Pineda, S. I., Vega, A. G., Borda, R. M., et al. (2025) · Doxa Comunicación Revista interdisciplinar de estudios de comunicación y ciencias sociales · doi:10.31921/doxacom.n40a2723 · Cited by 1
Toys from childhood in immigration: placing memories into context
Protassova, E. Y., & Yelenevskaya, M. N. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1549330 · Cited by 1
“Discourse analysis allows researchers to combine theory with practical examples to analyze language use in social contexts (Gee, 2014; Van Dijk, 1993).”
Richmond, J. C., & Bell, T. R. (2025) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/21674795251334042 · Cited by 1
“A discourse analysis is a thematic study of language in use that accounts for dynamics such as practices, interactions, and social institutions (Gee, 2014).”
InfluentialUnpacking masculine stereotypes: a critical analysis of selected isiXhosa proverbs and idioms
Mvanyashe, A. (2025) · South African Journal of African Languages · doi:10.1080/02572117.2024.2412570 · Cited by 1
“Gee (2014) similarly posits that discourse functions beyond mere communication; it is instrumental in how individuals express and negotiate their identities and social relationships.”
Semantic extensions of ziyakhala used on social media platforms in South Africa
Majola, Y. L. P., & Zungu, E. B. (2025) · South African Journal of African Languages · doi:10.1080/02572117.2024.2406838 · Cited by 1
“…of texts Individuals employ discourses to engage in various behaviours, such as the construction of objects and identities, the presentation of arguments, acts of resistance, expressions of dissatisfaction and the raising of inquiries on particular practices (Durrheim et al., 2011; Gee, 2014).”
Chichon, J. P. (2025) · Journal of Language and Discrimination · doi:10.3138/jld-2025-0506 · Cited by 1
Przymus, S. D., Solmaz, O., Turnbull, A. C. Y. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices · doi:10.3138/jmtp-6-przymus · Cited by 1
Pamirzad, Q. H. (2025) · International Review for the Sociology of Sport · doi:10.1177/10126902251365369 · Cited by 1
Identity and power in physics teachers’ discourse about equity
Huỳnh, T., Robertson, A. D., Bauman, L. C., & Scherr, R. E. (2025) · Physical Review Physics Education Research · doi:10.1103/ynfb-rbx8 · Cited by 1
Phillippe, A. (2025) · Journal of Research in Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/02568543.2025.2568178 · Cited by 2
Transforming postgraduate discourse studies through AI-enhanced Corpus-Based Language Pedagogy
Yeh, A. (2025) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2025.2569340 · Cited by 1
Reframing genderlect: how vulnerability in public speeches builds emotional capital
Shree, S., & Singh, K. (2025) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-03-2025-5360 · Cited by 1
Stylistic expressions of respect across English, Russian, and Japanese sociolinguistic contexts
Yusupova, S., & Ganiyeva, D. A. (2025) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2025.2577171 · Cited by 1
Teng, S. S., Wewalaarachchi, T. D., Najib, A., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1673198 · Cited by 1
Practiced and positioned cultural and linguistic identities of a multiracial South Korean family
Reichmuth, H. L. (2025) · Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development · doi:10.1080/01434632.2025.2571063 · Cited by 1
Disrupting Christian Normalcy in U.S. Elementary Schools
Bellows, E., & Bodle, A. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-337-620251007 · Cited by 1
Ercan, M. I., & Ziegler, A. (2025) · Gifted Education International · doi:10.1177/02614294251400182 · Cited by 1
Seeing Civics Through Visual Representations in Kindergarten Classrooms
Berson, I. R., Berson, M. J., Bronteng, J. E., et al. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-718-820251004 · Cited by 1
Wei, W., & Yang, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1670492 · Cited by 2
Learner agency and symbiotic agency with technology in language learning with digital applications
Räsänen, E. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1515/eujal-2025-0002 · Cited by 1
“The micro-level analysis method that I used draws on interactional approaches to critical discourse analysis, and it focuses on how the learners “ use syntax and discourse to shape the interpretations ” of the recipient, their teacher (Gee 2014: 19 – 20).”
Oblak, A., Vrbnjak, M., Holnthaner, A., Kovačič, N., Kastelic, M. P., Derganc, T. M., Derganc, J., Vodušek, V. V., Kordeš, U., Bon, J., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1648141 · Cited by 2
Neoliberalism and the Teaching of English Learners
Martin, A. D., & Strom, K. J. (2015) · The SoJo Journal Educational Foundations and Social Justice Education · doi:10.1108/sojo-10-2015-0003 · Cited by 8
Sredl, K. C., Whiteman, J., Kerrigan, F., & Yalkın, Ç. (2026) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2026.2617231 · Cited by 1
“Using a multilayered approach— textual (Hall 1977), discursive (Van Leeuwen 2008), and contextual (Gee 2014)—we examine how meaning is produced and situated in film.”
Everyday epistemic refusals: towards Asian American elsewheres
Ngo, B., Diep, B., & Wong, V. (2026) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2026.2640840 · Cited by 1
Oster, N. J., & Mishra, P. (2026) · Learning Media and Technology · doi:10.1080/17439884.2026.2657355 · Cited by 1
“We employed discourse analysis (Gee 2014) and thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2006) to examine ten primary texts: three stories, three academic responses, three author-academic webi-nars, and the culminating webinar.”
Liao, D. (2026) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1093/anncom/wlag021 · Cited by 1
Oliver, R., & Ober, R. (2026) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/aral.25042.oli · Cited by 1
Siegman, R., & Galloway, E. P. (2026) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2026.101546 · Cited by 1
The work of trauma-informed care discourse: Constructing clients, workers, and logics of governance
Leotti, S. M., Wahab, S., & Anderson-Nathe, B. (2026) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcag078 · Cited by 1
Frolova, N. A., Morozova, A. A., & Pushkov, A. (2016) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20162801039 · Cited by 1
How Might Teachers of Young Children Interrogate Images as Visual Culture?
Pauly, N. (2006) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230601666_7 · Cited by 1
Níaz, M. (2017) · Contemporary trends and issues in science education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67726-2_4 · Cited by 1
The child and the strict father: invoking metaphor in the Safe Schools debate
Wescott, S. (2018) · Discourse Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education · doi:10.1080/01596306.2018.1550053 · Cited by 1
Discourse and Religion in Educational Practice
Lytra, V. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.027 · Cited by 2
PrEP talk: Media narratives and the terrifying sublime
Niedt, G. (2019) · Sexualities · doi:10.1177/1363460719886557 · Cited by 1
“First, Gee (2014) delineates two aspects of discourse: Building Tasks, the intentions behind discursive choices in a text, and Tools of Inquiry, analytic strategies based on the form of those choices themselves.”
BackgroundDiversity and Inclusion in Education
Lai, Y.-J., & King, K. A. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.024 · Cited by 1
Ethnopoetics and Narrative Analysis
Atkinson, P., & Carver, N. (2021) · Narrative Works · doi:10.7202/1076918ar · Cited by 1
Queer Path-Making: Expressing or Suppressing Creativity in Arts Doctoral Writing
Thurlow, S. (2021) · The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.37514/int-b.2021.1343.2.05 · Cited by 1
Writerly Aspirations and Doctoral Education: Beyond Neoliberal Orthodoxies
(Taranaki), C. M. (2021) · The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.37514/int-b.2021.1343.2.01 · Cited by 1
Miller, D. R. (2021) · Advances in knowledge acquisition, transfer, and management book series/Advances in knowledge acquisition, transfer and management book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8844-4.ch012 · Cited by 1
Motta-Roth, D., & Selbach, H. V. (2022) · Ilha do Desterro A Journal of English Language Literatures in English and Cultural Studies · doi:10.5007/2175-8026.2022.e82527 · Cited by 1
Lugo‐Ocando, J. (2022) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2022.2061575 · Cited by 1
“The notion of “discursive regime”, on the other hand, refers to the particular ideological frames in which narratives become accepted and commonly used by individuals (Gee 2014; Van Dijk 2013; Sari et al. 2018).”
BackgroundPsychological and Behavioral Examinations of Online Terrorism
Prentice, S., & Taylor, P. J. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7119-3.ch024 · Cited by 1
Authors, V. (2004) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v5i3.1089 · Cited by 1
Negotiating scientific knowledge in the development of an eHealth MOOC
Gilstad, H., Skogen, M., Toussaint, P. J., Larsen, C. B., & Faxvaag, A. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11107-3 · Cited by 2
“In this paper we understand discourse as meaning-making in context, more specifically as a unity of ways of saying (informing), doing (action), and being (identity) through language (Gee, 2014).”
BackgroundPei, Y. (2022) · Asian Education Studies · doi:10.20849/aes.v7i3.1277 · Cited by 2
Ramos‐Montañez, S., & Pattison, S. A. (2022) · Contributions from science education research · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17642-5_15 · Cited by 2
Committing to Anti-Bias Anti-Racist Teaching: From Activity to Habits of Mind
Hinman, T. B., Stevens, E. Y., Dussling, T. M., Wilson, N. S., Tondreau, A., Gardiner, W., White, K. L., & Degener, S. C. (2023) · Excelsior Leadership in Teaching and Learning · doi:10.14305/jn.19440413.2023.15.1.01 · Cited by 1
Al-Shboul, O. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19016-2_9 · Cited by 1
Climate Change Discourse/Politics in Linguistic Studies
Al-Shboul, O. K. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19016-2_2 · Cited by 1
Oladayo, M. M. (2023) · Journal of Linguistics and Communication Studies · doi:10.56397/jlcs.2023.03.03 · Cited by 1
Vogts, T. R. (2023) · Journalism & Mass Communication Educator · doi:10.1177/10776958231170319 · Cited by 1
Orrill, C. H., Gearty, Z., & Wang, K. (2023) · Mathematics education in the digital era · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31193-2_12 · Cited by 1
Bonney, E. N., & Shad, S. (2024) · Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/15505170.2024.2302629 · Cited by 1
“Gee (2014) describes discourse as language-in-use or “language actually used in specific contexts” (p. 19).”
InfluentialCritical Discourse Analysis in the Age of Multimodal Communication
Thinking, D. S. M., & Diana-Cristiana, L. U. P. U. (2023) · Romanian Military Thinking · doi:10.55535/rmt.2023.3.11 · Cited by 1
Plagiarism Issues in Higher Education
Zhang, Y. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-9844-9_2 · Cited by 1
Analyzing Student Engagement in Teacher Elicitation
Thanh, T. N. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2623-7.ch005 · Cited by 1
ideal early childhood teacher?
Gould, K. (2024) · The New Zealand Annual Review of Education · doi:10.26686/nzaroe.v29.9455 · Cited by 1
Exploring the enactment of a coaching stance: Findings from one coach–teacher dyad
Saclarides, E. S., Gillespie, R., & DeJarnette, A. F. (2024) · School Science and Mathematics · doi:10.1111/ssm.12672 · Cited by 1
de Figueiredo, E. H. D., Kluge, D. C., Stürmer, H., et al. (2024) · Revista do GEL · doi:10.21165/gel.v20i3.3543 · Cited by 1
Exploring mothers' metaphorical sensemaking of dyslexia
Abetz, J. S. (2024) · Dyslexia · doi:10.1002/dys.1784 · Cited by 2
Human Error Scenario Analysis of Software Defects
White, V., White, A., Wild, J., et al. (2024) · IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW) · doi:10.1109/issrew63542.2024.00091 · Cited by 1
Children’s world-making practices as peacebuilders in the community
Paterson‐Young, C., Maher, M., Karlıdağ-Dennis, E., et al. (2024) · Children s Geographies · doi:10.1080/14733285.2024.2431729 · Cited by 1
Russell, S. L. (2024) · Journal of Education and Training Studies · doi:10.11114/jets.v13i1.7427 · Cited by 1
Reporting the others’ speech, uncovering China’s world dream
Mei, Z. S. (2025) · Journal of Language and Politics · doi:10.1075/jlp.24019.mei · Cited by 1
Lu, J., Chen, X., & Wang, X. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16020089 · Cited by 1
Patient-Oriented Workflow Approach
Ozkaynak, M., Ponnala, S., & Werner, N. E. (2025) · Cognitive informatics in biomedicine and healthcare · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82971-0_11 · Cited by 1
Comparative Analysis of Persuasive Strategies in English Social and Commercial Advertisements
Motallebi, S., & Kuhi, D. (2014) · JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS · doi:10.24297/jal.v5i2.2795 · Cited by 1
Räisänen, T. (2012) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137283566_10 · Cited by 1
Herrero, R. D., & Márquez, M. F. (2016) · New frontiers in translation studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0572-5_6 · Cited by 1
Images of ‘Asia Literacy’: An Analysis of Online Representations
Caldwell, D., & Nichols, S. (2018) · Education in the Asia-Pacific region · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1068-3_8 · Cited by 1
One English Language Arts Teacher’s Journey as a Secondary Teacher-Mentor: Life in the Hyphen
Marsh, J. P., & Goff, M. H. (2018) · Literacy Research Theory Method and Practice · doi:10.1177/2381336918786894 · Cited by 1
“Annie’s teacher-mentor identity shifted, evolved, and overlapped in this space as she interacted at College Prep and was influenced by institutional and societal Discourses including students’ home Discourses and her home Discourse as a White, middle-class woman.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential”Numerot voivat näyttää sataa, mutta juna ei kulje”
Venäläinen, J. (2017) · Elore · doi:10.30666/elore.79301 · Cited by 1
Mediatized Communication and Linguistic Reflexivity in Contemporary Public and Political Life
Deschrijver, C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.032 · Cited by 2
Alexander, E. (2019) · Boyhood Studies · doi:10.3167/bhs.2019.120202 · Cited by 2
Doing Micro-Analysis of Discourse: The Case of Ageing and Wellbeing
Heinrichsmeier, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.008 · Cited by 1
Sign Theory and the Materiality of Discourse
Sidnell, J. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108348195.014 · Cited by 1
Mixed-lens family visits: an examination of sharing power between school and home
Szech, L. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2020.1828651 · Cited by 1
“This assumption is historically based in common discourses of poverty (Gorski, 2018) and power-constructed ‘truths’ (Gee, 2014) created by dominant groups and institutions.”
BackgroundPublic Self-Disclosure and Self-Improvement in South African Media: Exploring Audience Perceptions
Rens, S. E. (2020) · Communicatio · doi:10.1080/02500167.2020.1848893 · Cited by 1
غطرسة القوة والإمبريالية كما تتجلى في حديث ترامب الإعلامي تحليل الخطاب النقدي
Al-Saeedi, H. M. A. (2020) · Journal of Education College Wasit University · doi:10.31185/eduj.vol4.iss41.1939 · Cited by 1
Esquinca, A., & Herrera-Rocha, L. (2020) · ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition · doi:10.18260/1-2--32458 · Cited by 1
Dunstan, A. (2020) · Culture and Religion · doi:10.1080/14755610.2021.1906394 · Cited by 1
“…framework, which holds that cultural meanings are ‘localized in concrete, publicly accessible signs’ amenable to discursive analysis for stylistic and thematic patterns (Urban 1991) as well as how discourse is used to construct and negotiate meaning and identities (Fairclough 2018; Gee 2014).”
BackgroundEmbodiment, Relationality, and Constellation: A Cultural Rhetorics Story of Doctoral Writing
Cox, M. B., Dixon, E., Manthey, K., Novotny, M., Robinson, R., & Smith, T. G. (2021) · The WAC Clearinghouse; University Press of Colorado eBooks · doi:10.37514/int-b.2021.1343.2.07 · Cited by 1
Yeh, H., & Heng, L. (2021) · Oxford Review of Education · doi:10.1080/03054985.2021.1950665 · Cited by 1
Shin, D. (2021) · Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices · doi:10.1558/jmtp.19451 · Cited by 1
Multicultural education and the ESEA: the ebbs and flows of policy alignment between 1965-2015
Terry, N. (2022) · Multicultural Education Review · doi:10.1080/2005615x.2023.2164964 · Cited by 2
“In using the tools of CDA to analyse the manifestations of multicultural education in the policies, I focused on the use of language (Gee, 2014; Machin & Mayr, 2012) and how various stakeholders are positioned (Gee, 2014).”
MethodAfzaal, M. (2023) · Corpora and intercultural studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-9619-1_2 · Cited by 1
Karimah, N. A., Munir, A., & Anam, S. (2023) · Lensa Kajian Kebahasaan Kesusastraan dan Budaya · doi:10.26714/lensa.13.1.2023.82-94 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Gee, J. P.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gee, James Paul
- ORCID
- Gee, James Paul
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2014-02-03
- OpenAlex
- W4233790810
- Cited by
- 1,036
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 112 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 88 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 130.78
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Social Sciences › Education › Linguistics and Education Research
- Keywords
- discourse analysis, language use, James Paul Gee, sociocultural perspective, identity, discourse theory, language and culture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review