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Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Beyond Paranoia and Panic
Open accessAbstract
On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) an international public health emergency after the number of cases soared across 34 regions in Mainland China and surpassed that of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003.The virus was believed to have originated from a wholesale seafood market in the city of Wuhan in the province of Hubei towards the end of December 2019.Shortly after, the number of cases increased exponentially in Wuhan and nearby cities and provinces before spreading throughout the world.Located approximately 3432 km from the epicentre of Wuhan, Singapore is a densely populated city-state of 5.7 million who saw 1,592,612 international visitors in 2019; of these, 380,933 were visitors from Mainland China. 1 After a tourist from Wuhan was identified as the first case of COVID-19 infection on 23 January 2020 in Singapore, the country responded decisively by initiating a series of public health measures to contain the outbreak that included travel advisories, restriction of entry into the country by individuals who had travelled to Mainland China in the preceding 2 weeks, mandatory quarantine for contact cases and rigorous contact tracing of individuals linked to confirmed COVID-19 cases.On 7 February 2020, Singapore raised the Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON) -a colour-coded framework that maps the current disease situation in the country-from Yellow to Orange after there was confirmatory evidence of community transmission of the virus involving several confirmed COVID-19 patients who were not linked to any existing cases and had no travel history to China.At the Orange level, the outbreak is deemed to have moderate to high impact on the health of the public.The last time it was raised to Orange was during the H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009, and would also have been the case during the SARS outbreak in 2003 had it been in place.
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“Unlike behavioral therapy, which involves relaxation techniques and changing the schedule of daily activities, mindfulness-based interventions help patients cope with anxiety and depression by enhancing their ability to manage stress and reducing negative coping behaviors, hence are more adaptive and persistent [20].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“This transition has also been applied to mental health care services, wherein it has been highly recommended owing to the expected rise in psychological distress during the pandemic [3].”
From Efficacy of a six-week-long therapist-guided online therapy versus self-help internet-based therapy for COVID-19–induced anxiety and depression: Open-label, pragmatic, randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
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“Especially when combined with the web-based technology, mindfulness-based intervention can benefit patients who are infected and treated in isolation wards, and those who are quarantined with no access to psychotherapy as well. [17, 20]”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) is an approach that focuses on the cultivation of conscious awareness, and orientation towards the present moment with curiosity and openness, which has been shown helpful in the treatment of mental health [17–20].”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention on mental health and quality of life among COVID-19 patients in China: an intervention design (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“These negative psychological outcomes on HCWSs are undoubtedly related to the situation—that, specifically during the first wave of the virus spread, was in itself particularly demanding [24], stressful, and characterized by high levels of uncertainty—but probably also to more specific contextual conditions (first of all, as argued above, having worked on the frontline or not), as well as to”
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Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7 · Cited by 21,415
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923
Self-citationSARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada
Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1007.030703 · Cited by 1,929
Why is depression more prevalent in women?
Albert, P. R. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.150205 · Cited by 1,785
Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014
Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21243-x · Cited by 1,557
Self-citationMaunder, R., Lancee, W., Balderson, K., Bennett, J., Borgundvaag, B., Evans, S., Fernandes, C., Goldbloom, D., Gupta, M., Hunter, J., et al. (2006) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1212.060584 · Cited by 1,109
McAlonan, G. M., Lee, A. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Tsang, K. W., Sham, P. C., Chua, S. E., & Wong, J. G. (2007) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370705200406 · Cited by 755
Chan, A. (2004) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqh027 · Cited by 556
Leung, G. M., Lam, T.-H., Ho, L.-M., Ho, S.-Y., Chan, B. H. Y., Wong, I. O. L., & Hedley, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.57.11.857 · Cited by 498
Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels
Van Bortel, T., Basnayake, A., Wurie, F., Jambai, M., Koroma, A. S., Muana, A. T., Hann, K., Eaton, J., Martin, S., & Nellums, L. B. (2016) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.15.158543 · Cited by 471
Cited by
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Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a systematic review
Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001 · Cited by 5,204
Self-citationCOVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066 · Cited by 3,574
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., et al. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028 · Cited by 2,571
“5 A recent study in China found that the vicarious traumatization scores of the general public were significantly higher than those of the front-line nurses.”
Self-citationPsychosocial impact of COVID-19
Dubey, S., Biswas, P., Ghosh, R., Chatterjee, S., Dubey, M. J., Chatterjee, S., Lahiri, D., & Lavie, C. J. (2020) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035 · Cited by 1,958
How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic
Moreno, C., Wykes, T., Galderisi, S., Nordentoft, M., Crossley, N., Jones, N., Cannon, M., Correll, C. U., Byrne, L., Carr, S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30307-2 · Cited by 1,840
Metadata
- Authors
- Ho, C. S., Chee, C. Y., & Ho, R. C.
- Affiliations
- National University Health System (SG)
- National University Health System, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Venue
- Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
- Publisher
- Academy of Medicine, Singapore
- Published
- 2020-03-31
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-160
- ISSN
- 0304-4602 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3178245182
- Cited by
- 1,699
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 204 · 2022: 363 · 2021: 530 · 2020: 447
- FWCI
- 154.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › COVID-19 Prevention and Impact
- Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact, paranoia, panic, Singapore, public health measures, quarantine, contact tracing, travel restrictions, community transmission, pandemic response
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adaptation, Psychological, Communication, Fear, Health Personnel, Humans, Mental Health, Mental Health Services, Panic, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Risk Assessment, Epidemics
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