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Development and validation of the Japanese version of the Self-Compassion Scale
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A Japanese version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-J) was developed. In Survey 1, confirmatory factor analysis of data from 366 participants indicated that the SCS-J had an acceptable fit to the model, as well as good internal consistency, similar to the original. In Survey 2, a test-retest correlation of the SCS-J for 101 participants indicated good reliability for the scale. In Survey 3, 148 participants completed the SCS-J and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Subjective Happiness Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait form, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The partial correlations between the SCS-J and the other scales were analyzed, using self-esteem, or self-criticism as the control variables. The results demonstrated that self-compassion was associated with self-esteem and the mental health of the Japanese participants. These results indicate that the SCS-J has good reliability and validity as a measure of self-compassion.
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“self-compassion has been found to be lower in Japan than in the United States and Thailand [29,50].”
From Psychological factors associated with social withdrawal (Hikikomori) (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Self-Compassion Scale is a Valid and Theoretically Coherent Measure of Self-Compassion
Neff, K. D. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3 · Cited by 805
“The large majority of translations have replicated the six-factor structure of the scale (e.g., Arimitsu 2014; Azizi et al. 2013; Castilho et al. 2015; Chen et al. 2011; GarciaCampayo et al. 2014; Hupfield and Ruffieux 2011; Lee and Lee 2010; Mantzios et al. 2013; Petrocchi et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMeta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Self-Compassion
Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. C. (2015) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966 · Cited by 629
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C. S., et al. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000629 · Cited by 397
Wakelin, K. E., Perman, G., & Simonds, L. M. (2022) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2586 · Cited by 170
“However, as Gilbert et al.'s (2019) research was preliminary and this review does not define compassion solely in terms of Gilbert's (2010, 2014) CFT theory, LKMs were deemed appropriate to include.”
BackgroundMuris, P., Otgaar, H., & Petrocchi, N. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0509-9 · Cited by 125
“Unsurprisingly, the overall factor analysis performed on all 26 items of the SCS convincingly showed that a six-correlatedfactor model yielded the best fit for the data, and it should be noted that most subsequent studies have shown that this structure of six related components provides the most optimal factor solutio…”
BackgroundMethodMontero‐Marín, J., Kuyken, W., Crane, C., Gu, J., Baer, R. A., Al-Awamleh, A. A., Akutsu, S., Araya-Véliz, C., Ghorbani, N., Chen, Z. J., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02638 · Cited by 121
Structural validation of the Self-Compassion Scale with a German general population sample
Coroiu, A., Kwakkenbos, L., Moran, C., Thombs, B. D., Albani, C., Bourkas, S., Zenger, M., Brähler, E., & Körner, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190771 · Cited by 107
“A unifactorial structure of SCS has been investigated in at least 10 studies, none of which confirmed the presence of a single factor [12, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 31].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPatel, N. K., Nivethitha, L., & Mooventhan, A. (2018) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2018.06.008 · Cited by 86
The Influence of Self-Compassion on Cognitive Appraisals and Coping with Stressful Events
Chishima, Y., Mizuno, M., Sugawara, D., & Miyagawa, Y. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0933-0 · Cited by 89
Cognitions as mediators in the relationship between self-compassion and affect
Arimitsu, K., & Hofmann, S. G. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.10.008 · Cited by 80
“The relationship between selfcompassion and depression (Arimitsu, 2014; Yamaguchi, Kim, & Akutsu, 2014), and between automatic thoughts and depression (Nishikawa, Matsunaga, & Furutani, 2014; Takano & Tanno, 2009), were replicated in the present study.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationExploratory Structural Equation Modeling Analysis of the Self-Compassion Scale
Tóth‐Király, I., Bőthe, B., & Orosz, G. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0662-1 · Cited by 86
“These results are in line with previous CFA studies detailed in Table 1 (e.g., Arimitsu 2014; Costa et al. 2015; Williams et al. 2014) which would suggest that CFA might be too restrictive for the SCS.”
BackgroundResultIs Self-Compassion a Worthwhile Therapeutic Target for ICD-11 Complex PTSD (CPTSD)?
Karatzias, T., Hyland, P., Bradley, A., Fyvie, C., Logan, K., Easton, P., Thomas, J. A., Philips, S., Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., et al. (2018) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000577 · Cited by 82
Arimitsu, K. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1152593 · Cited by 64
“It is also noteworthy that the ESP was effective in increasing self-compassion in a population that tends to have lower self-compassion than Americans (Arimitsu, 2014), but it should be considered carefully because the present study has applied only for low self-compassionate individuals in a high self-criticizing cul…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationFerrari, M., Ciarrochi, J., Yap, K., Sahdra, B. K., & Hayes, S. C. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01897-5 · Cited by 55
“We know that CS and UCS negatively correlate, and that self-compassion interventions change both CS and UCS (Arimitsu, 2014; Neff et al., 2021), so at the present time there is no experimental demonstration of differential effects.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPsychological factors associated with social withdrawal (Hikikomori)
Nonaka, S., & Sakai, M. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0050 · Cited by 46
Effects of compassionate thinking on negative emotions
Arimitsu, K., & Hofmann, S. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1078292 · Cited by 45
“The Japanese version of the SCS developed by Arimitsu (2014) was used.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFactor Structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 11 International Samples
Halamová, J., Kanovský, M., Petrocchi, N., Moreira, H., López, A., Barnett, M. D., Yang, E., Benda, J., Brähler, E., Zeng, X., et al. (2020) · Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development · doi:10.1080/07481756.2020.1735203 · Cited by 44
Differences in Compassion, Well-being, and Social Anxiety Between Japan and the USA
Arimitsu, K., Hitokoto, H., Kind, S., & Hofmann, S. G. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1045-6 · Cited by 41
“Self-compassion The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a 26- item measure (e.g., BI’m kind to myself when I’m experiencing suffering^) to assess self-compassion (Neff 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of Shinrin-Yoku Retreat on Mental Health: a Pilot Study in Fukushima, Japan
Kotera, Y., & Fido, D. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00538-7 · Cited by 42
“SCS-J is a translated version of the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003), and the 26 items in SCSJ/SCS are divided into six subscales relating to three positive constructs and three negative constructs.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Self-Compassion Scale Arabic version for baccalaureate nursing students: A validation study
Alabdulaziz, H., Alquwez, N., Almazan, J. U., Albougami, A. S. B., Alshammari, F. F., & Cruz, J. P. (2020) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104420 · Cited by 34
The development of the Japanese version of the compassionate engagement and action scales
Asano, K., Kotera, Y., Tsuchiya, M., Ishimura, I., Lin, S., Matsumoto, Y., Matos, M., Basran, J., & Gilbert, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230875 · Cited by 32
“Measurements used were the Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales–Japanese version (CEAS-J), the Japanese version of a Self-Compassion Scale—Short Form (SCS-J-SF) [23], Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-15) [24], the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) [25], Other-Oriented Emotional Reactivity (OOER) [26],…”
MethodHalamová, J., Kanovský, M., & Pacúchová, M. (2018) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.398 · Cited by 29
“The Selfcompassion scale (Neff, 2003) was translated into Chinese (Chen, Yan, & Zhou, 2011), Czech (Benda & Reichová, 2016), Dutch (Neff & Vonk, 2009), French (Kotsou & Leys, 2016), German (Hupfield & Ruffieux, 2011), Greek (Mantzios, Wilson, & Giannou, 2015), Hungarian (Tóth-Király, Bőthe, & Orosz, 2016), Iranian (Az…”
Sugawara, D., Chishima, Y., Kubo, T., Shah, R. I. A. B. R. R., Phoo, E. Y. M., Ng, S. L., Masuyama, A., Gu, Y., & Tee, E. Y. J. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.05.032 · Cited by 28
“Self-compassion (Arimitsu, 2014; Chen et al., 2011; Neff, 2003) was measured using the Self-Compassion Scale (26 items), which considers the extent to which individuals show care and compassion toward themselves in the face of hardships or perceived inadequacy (e.g., I’m kind to myself when I’m…”
RE-COVER project: A survey on resilience, mental health, and fear of Covid-19 in four countries
Sugawara, D., Gu, Y., Masuyama, A., Ng, S. L., Phoo, E. Y. M., Shah, R. I. A. B. R. R., Kubo, T., Chishima, Y., & Tee, E. Y. J. (2021) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05819-x · Cited by 27
Miyoshi, T., Ida, H., Nishimura, Y., Ako, S., & Otsuka, F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912523 · Cited by 30
“Self-compassion is important for an individual’s mental and physical well-being under stress [30,31].”
BackgroundKosugi, T., Ninomiya, A., Nagaoka, M., Hashimoto, Z., Sawada, K., Park, S., Fujisawa, D., Mimura, M., & Sado, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700916 · Cited by 30
“…populations (Kadono, 1994; Hamashima and Yoshida, 2001; Tsuchiya et al., 2002; Mimura and Griffiths, 2007, 2008; Ito et al., 2009; Muramatsu et al., 2009, 2010; Fujisawa et al., 2010; Sugiura et al., 2011; Arimitsu, 2014; Sumi, 2014; Doi et al., 2018; Shoji et al., 2018; Kawakami et al., 2020).”
BackgroundValidity and reliability of the Polish version of the Self-Compassion Scale and its correlates
Kocur, D. J., Flakus, M., & Fopka-Kowalczyk, M. J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267637 · Cited by 32
Psychometric properties of the Slovenian long and short version of the self-compassion scale
Uršič, N., Kocjančič, D., & Žvelc, G. (2018) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi180408029u · Cited by 29
“Development and validation of the Japanese version of the SelfCompassion Scale.”
InfluentialPandey, R., Tiwari, G. K., Pandey, R., Mandal, S. P., Mudgal, S., Parihar, P., Rai, P. K., Tiwari, A. S., & Shukla, M. (2023) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.37708/psyct.v16i2.571 · Cited by 28
Asano, K., Tsuchiya, M., Okamoto, Y., Ohtani, T., Sensui, T., Masuyama, A., Isato, A., Shoji, M., Shiraishi, T., Shimizu, E., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.903842 · Cited by 17
“The SCS–SF is the short version of the Self-compassion Scale (SCS), and both SCS and SCS–SF have been translated into Japanese with high reliability and validity (Arimitsu, 2014; Arimitsu et al., 2016).”
MethodSakai, A., Terao, T., Kawano, N., Akase, M., Hatano, K., Shirahama, M., Hirakawa, H., Kohno, K., Inoue, A., & Ishii, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00538 · Cited by 22
Longitudinal Profiles of Psychological Well-Being and Health: Findings From Japan
Yoo, J., & Ryff, C. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02746 · Cited by 21
Ueno, Y., & Amemiya, R. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-024-00553-2 · Cited by 20
“Self-compassion was assessed using the Japanese version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-J; Arimitsu, 2014 ), which is a translation of the original SCS (Neff, 2003).”
Muttaqin, D., Yunanto, T. A. R., Fitria, A. Z. N., Ramadhanty, A. M., & Lempang, G. F. (2020) · Persona Jurnal Psikologi Indonesia · doi:10.30996/persona.v9i2.3944 · Cited by 33
“Tidak hanya terbatas pada negara di Eropa, SCS juga telah divalidasi di negara Amerika Latin misalnya Brazil (Souza & Hutz, 2016) dan negara-negara di Asia misalnya China (MinYing Tsai, 2015; Zeng, Wei, Oei, & Liu, 2016), Iran (Azizi, Mohammadkhani, Foroughi, Lotfi, & Bahramkhani, 2013), Jepang (Arimitsu, 2014), dan T…”
Self-Compassion Across Cultures
Arimitsu, K. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_8 · Cited by 15
Self-citationEffects of self‐compassion and self‐focus on sleep disturbances among psychiatric nurses
Kurebayashi, Y. (2019) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12458 · Cited by 14
Arı, E., Soysal, G. C., Basran, J. K., & Gilbert, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780077 · Cited by 14
“There are some studies that show the relation of self-criticism with self-compassion to be low as conducted in Japanese culture (Arimitsu, 2014) and high as conducted in American culture (Gilbert and Procter, 2006; Zhang et al., 2019).”
ResultProblem gambling during Covid-19
Frisone, F., Alibrandi, A., & Settineri, S. (2020) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.6092/2282-1619/mjcp-2457 · Cited by 30
Galiana, L., Guillén-Solà, M., Jiménez, A. P., Flowers, S.-L. D., Vidal‐Blanco, G., & Sansó, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191610174 · Cited by 13
“Both the SCS and the SCS–SF have been adapted and translated to several languages, including Brazilian Portuguese [49], Chinese [50], French [51], German [52], Greek [53], Italian [54], Japanese [55], Korean [56], Norwegian [57], Persian [58], Portuguese [59], or Spanish [60].”
BackgroundAkase, M., Terao, T., Kawano, N., Sakai, A., Hatano, K., Shirahama, M., Hirakawa, H., Kohno, K., & Ishii, N. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00252 · Cited by 13
Moore, S. K., Okst, K., Smith, L., Fatkin, T., Creedon, T., Fredericksen, A. K., Gawande, R., & Schuman-Olivier, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780383 · Cited by 12
“Neff (2003a,b) developed the widely used Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), which has been validated across many different groups, languages, and cultures (e.g., Arimitsu, 2014; Coroiu et al., 2018; Halamová et al., 2018; Neff et al., 2019, 2021).”
MethodSado, M., Kosugi, T., Ninomiya, A., Nagaoka, M., Park, S., Fujisawa, D., Shirahase, J., & Mimura, M. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/15892 · Cited by 11
Satake, Y., & Arao, H. (2020) · International Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100917 · Cited by 12
Self‐compassion and nursing competency among Japanese psychiatric nurses
Kurebayashi, Y. (2020) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12649 · Cited by 12
Supportive evidence for the State Self-Compassion Scale using Japanese samples.
Chishima, Y., Sugawara, D., & Mizuno, M. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001144 · Cited by 11
Büchner, A., Ewert, C., Hoffmann, C. F. A., Schröder–Abé, M., & Horstmann, K. T. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12924 · Cited by 11
“Yet the six-factor model is also frequently the only model that provides an acceptable fit, and this holds for the SCS (Arimitsu, 2014; Azizi et al., 2013; Garcia-Campayo et al., 2014; Hupfeld & Ruffieux, 2011; Lee & Lee, 2010; Petrocchi et al., 2014; Wiliams et al., 2014) and the SF-SCS…”
Uneno, Y., Kotera, Y., Kikuchi, K., Yamada, M., Sugitani, M., Terado, S., 前原, 寛., Sakamoto, Y., Sugao, S., Tani, H., et al. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.08.009 · Cited by 12
Adaptation and validation of the self-compassion scale (SCS) in an argentine context
Cababie, M., & Etchezahar, E. D. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02505-w · Cited by 12
“…2016), Germany (Coroiu et al., 2018; Hupfeld & Ruffieux, 2011), Iran (Azizi et al., 2013), Greece (Karakasidou et al., 2017; Mantzios et al., 2015), Japan (Arimitsu, 2014), Italy (Petrocchi et al., 2014, 2013; Veneziani et al., 2017), United Kingdom (Cleare, Gumley, Cleare & O’Connor, 2018;…”
BackgroundUneno, Y., Kotera, Y., Fujisawa, D., Kataoka, Y., Kosugi, K., Murata, N., Kessoku, T., Ozaki, A., Miyatake, H., & Muto, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067187 · Cited by 13
Rahmandani, A., Kahija, Y. F. L., & Salma, S. (2021) · Yonago acta medica · doi:10.33160/yam.2021.05.013 · Cited by 10
Ito, Y., Browne, C. A., & Yamamoto, K. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01888-6 · Cited by 10
“We used a validated Japanese version (Arimitsu 2014).”
MethodEnhancement of self compassion in psychotherapy: The role of therapists’ interventions
Galili‐Weinstock, L., Chen, R., Atzil–Slonim, D., Rafaeli, E., & Peri, T. (2019) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2019.1650979 · Cited by 14
“While the majority of studies have replicated the six-factor structure of the scale (e.g, Arimitsu, 2014; Azizi, Mohammadkhani, Foroughi, Lotfi, & Bahramkhani, 2013; Castilho, Pinto-Gouveia, & Duarte, 2015; Garcia-Campayo et al., 2014), inconsistent findings were found regarding the higher order…”
BackgroundShimai, S., & Urata, Y. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01280-6 · Cited by 9
“It encompasses both positive and negative aspects of self-compassion [23].”
BackgroundYamasaki, K., Sampei, A., & Miyata, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0297691 · Cited by 9
Emotion regulation processes and middle-aged Japanese women’s health
Hashiguchi, K., Yoshikawa, S., & Muto, T. (2020) · Climacteric · doi:10.1080/13697137.2020.1784135 · Cited by 9
Kawano, N., Terao, T., Sakai, A., Akase, M., Hatano, K., Shirahama, M., Hirakawa, H., Kohno, K., & Ishii, N. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00521-w · Cited by 8
“Figure 1 shows the changes in total SCS scores from the baseline to 4 weeks and the changes from 4 to 8 weeks for the three remaining groups.”
BackgroundInfluentialPropiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Autocompasión (SCS) en México
Tello, A. L., Gómez, R. M., Ramos, R. S., & Moreno-Coutiño, A. B. (2022) · Psicología y Salud · doi:10.25009/pys.v33i1.2785 · Cited by 9
Kishimoto, K., & Asano, K. (2024) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12617 · Cited by 7
Maeda, S. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105864 · Cited by 7
Kurosawa, T., Adachi, K., & Takizawa, R. (2024) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/53541 · Cited by 9
“The Japanese version of this inventory has high reliability and validity [59].”
Backgroundvon Boros, L., Möhring, A., Göritz, A. S., Lieb, K., Wessa, M., Tuescher, O., & Schäfer, S. K. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02669-7 · Cited by 5
“Extended author information available on the last page of the article SCS (Neff, 2003) have been validated, e.g., in German (Hup-feld & Ruffieux, 2011), Italian (Veneziani et al., 2017), and Japanese language (Arimitsu, 2014).”
The association of self-compassion with depressive temperament and reading habit
Eto, M., Terao, T., Satoh, M., Kawano, N., Sakai, A., Akase, M., Hirakawa, H., & Kohno, K. (2024) · Academia Mental Health and Well-Being · doi:10.20935/mhealthwellb6176 · Cited by 5
Kurebayashi, Y. (2020) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12687 · Cited by 5
Relationship Between Self‐Compassion and Turnover Intention Among Early Career Nurses in Japan1
Sugawara, D., Mizuno, M., Tani, S., Fukiya, K., & Sato, J. (2023) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12462 · Cited by 5
Muramoto, M., Kita, S., Tobe, H., Ikeda, M., & Kamibeppu, K. (2022) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12494 · Cited by 5
“2.4.1 | Self-compassion in women at 1 month postnatal The Japanese version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-J) was used (Arimitsu, 2014; Neff, 2003b).”
MethodInfluentialTamura, N., Park, S., Sato, Y., Takita, Y., Morishita, J., Ninomiya, A., Kosugi, T., Sado, M., Mimura, M., & Fujisawa, D. (2020) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000022 · Cited by 5
Hirano, H., Ishii, K., & Sato, M. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113140 · Cited by 5
Mizuno, M., Sugawara, D., Tani, S., Fukiya, K., & Sato, J. (2021) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.92.20317 · Cited by 4
Psychometric Validation of the Compassion Scale in Japan (CS-J)
Miyagawa, Y., & Niiya, Y. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02389-4 · Cited by 3
“Japanese Version of the Self‑Compassion Scale Self-com-passion and its six components were assessed with the Japanese version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-J; Arimitsu, 2014).”
Toshi, K., Nakanishi, M., Sakai, M., & Yoshii, H. (2025) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12648 · Cited by 4
“A higher total score indicates a higher level of self-compassion (Arimitsu, 2014; Neff, 2003).”
Uslu, B., Busching, R., & Warschburger, P. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02698-2 · Cited by 3
“Although some of these validation studies have successfully replicated the six-factor correlated factor structure of Neff’s original study (e.g., Arimitsu, 2014; Garcia-Campayo et al., 2014; Hupfeld & Ruffieux, 2011), other studies could not (e.g., Brenner et al., 2017; Coroiu et al., 2018; López…”
An Integrated Intervention Model of Body Appreciation
Namatame, H., & Sawamiya, Y. (2023) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.71.131 · Cited by 3
Dat, N. T., Mitsui, N., Asakura, S., Kako, Y., Takanobu, K., Fujii, Y., & Kusumi, I. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104207 · Cited by 3
Sarı, T., & Conoley, C. W. (2019) · International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology · doi:10.5861/ijrsp.2019.4006 · Cited by 4
“For instance, statistically significant positive relationships have been found between self-compassion and well-being in America, Thailand and Taiwan cultures (Neff, Pisitsungkagarn, & Hsieh, 2008), American university students (Neff, Kirkpatrick, & Rude, 2007; Neff, 2003), Japanese culture (Arimitsu, 2014), Iran cult…”
BackgroundSevilla, A. L. (2022) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5602 · Cited by 3
“However, Arimitsu (2014) and Arimitsu et al. (2018) suggested that in Japan, comparative self-esteem combines with the Confucian attitude toward social expectations, resulting in among the lowest scores for self-compassion compared to other measured countries.”
BackgroundOkano, H., Kawahara, D., & Nomura, M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02801-6 · Cited by 3
“The Japanese version of the SCS, translated by Arimitsu (2014) and confirmed for internal consistency, retest reliability, and construct validity, consists of 26 items with six subscales, as in the original version 31 .”
Development and Validation of Moral Concern for Robot Scale (MCRS)
Yamada, S., Kanda, T., & Arimitsu, K. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3724130 · Cited by 4
“The concepts of egoism, sadism, and negative attitudes toward robots were predicted to be negatively correlated with moral concern for them.”
Self-citationIto, Y., Browne, C. A., & Yamamoto, K. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02865-z · Cited by 2
“Three of the studies directly compared online and in-person delivery of MBSR, two of which (Gardner-Nix et al., 2008, 2014) were conducted by the same research team with participants experiencing chronic pain.”
Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in International Contexts
Strohmaier, S., Eileen Luders, A., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89738-3_18-1 · Cited by 2
Kitano, M., van der Does, F. H. S., Saito, T., Giltay, E. J., Chiba, T., Edo, N., Waki, F., Tachimori, H., Koga, M., van der Wee, N. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.010 · Cited by 3
Sado, M., Ninomiya, A., Nagaoka, M., Koreki, A., Goto, N., Sasaki, Y., Takamori, C., Kosugi, T., Yamada, M., Park, S., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/33776 · Cited by 2
“The validity and reliability of all measures of the original and Japanese versions, except the Japanese version of the PAS, have been confirmed [34-54,57-74].”
Suzuki, K., Bublitz, M. H., Park, J. J., Arimitsu, T., & Proulx, J. A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02460-0 · Cited by 2
Verma, Y., Tiwari, G. K., Pandey, A., & Pandey, R. (2020) · Current Issues in Personality Psychology · doi:10.5114/cipp.2020.100096 · Cited by 4
“A large number of studies have shown the empirical validity of the six-factor structure of the translated versions of the scale across cultures (Arimitsu, 2014; Azizi, Mohammadkhani, Foroughi, Lotfi, & Bahramkhani, 2013; Castilho, Pinto-Gouveia, & Duarte, 2015; Garcia-Campayo et al., 2014;…”
BackgroundIzumi, M., & Akifusa, S. (2023) · International Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1155/2023/8880952 · Cited by 1
“A study involving the SCS in Japan revealed that the rating scale values of Japan are similar to those of Taiwan [23].”
Learning your place: Watsuji on education, Bildung, and negotiating tradition
Sevilla, A. L. (2024) · Journal of Philosophy of Education · doi:10.1093/jopedu/qhae060 · Cited by 1
Tanabe, S., Miyazato, R., Hako, S., Matsumoto, M., Shigematsu, J., Kambara, K., Machino, A., Takebayashi, M., & Ogata, A. (2024) · Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science · doi:10.5630/jans.44.239 · Cited by 1
Ogawa, S., & Kojima, M. (2025) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/18387357.2025.2489478 · Cited by 1
Takahashi, E., Fukuda, R., Takahashi, T., & Katsuragawa, T. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0334753 · Cited by 1
“Both components had negligible correlations with narcissistic personality [29].”
InfluentialIto, Y., Iwasaki, Y. K., Asano, K., Toshimitsu, M., Sakakibara, E., Yumura, H., Kanamori, Y., Kamo, S., Doi, S. K., Sasaki, N., et al. (2026) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.70293 · Cited by 2
“44 Perinatal Grief Scale Perinatal grief will be assessed using the Perinatal Grief Scale (PGS), 45 a 33 ‐ item questionnaire rated on a 5 ‐ point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), yielding a total score consistency (e.g., Cronbach's α ) will be evaluated and…”
Samosuosjećanje – konceptualizacija, operacionalizacija i pregled istraživanja
Gačal, H., & Mihić, J. (2023) · Psihologijske teme · doi:10.31820/pt.32.2.2 · Cited by 1
Development of self-criticism and self-reassurance questionnaire for youth
石津, 憲., Ishizaki, Y., Kashimura, M., Saito, H., & Sato, S. (2024) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.32.1_21 · Cited by 1
Effect of process recording and self-compassion on self-focus: A pre-post interventional pilot study
Kurebayashi, Y., & Harada, Y. (2020) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/jhs.v17i1.5753 · Cited by 1
Ando, M., Kukihara, H., & Kurihara, H. (2022) · Open Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.4236/jss.2022.105031 · Cited by 1
Positive Computing using Kansei Technology
Ogino, A. (2020) · Journal of Japan Society of Kansei Engineering · doi:10.5057/kansei.18.2_55 · Cited by 1
[Experiences with bladder-uterus fistulae].
Fischer, W. M., & Lamm, D. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Language model BERT can estimate trait self-compassion from people's free texts with high accuracyPreprint
Okano, H., Kawahara, D., & Nomura, M. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9zfh7 · Cited by 1
Lifestyles and stress according to self-kindness and goal directedness among drivers
Shimpo, M., Akamatsu, R., & Sakurazawa, H. (2019) · Psychology Community & Health · doi:10.5964/pch.v8i1.284
Grunbaum, C. (2020) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.17300.53124
Sado, M., Kosugi, T., Ninomiya, A., Park, S., Fujisawa, D., Nagaoka, M., & Mimura, M. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s318460
Metadata
- Authors
- Arimitsu, K.
- Affiliations
- Komazawa University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Arimitsu, Kohki
- ORCID
- Arimitsu, Kohki
- Venue
- The Japanese journal of psychology
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 50-59
- ISSN
- 0021-5236 (ISSN-L)
- 1884-1082
- OpenAlex
- W126045610
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Japanese journal of psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (25380944)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- self-compassion, Self-Compassion Scale, Japanese version, scale development, psychometric validation, self-esteem, self-criticism, mental health, narcissism, subjective happiness, anxiety, depression
- MeSH terms
- Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reproducibility of Results, Asian People
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