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Cited by 398Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychometric Methodologies and TestingAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Examining the Factor Structure of the Self-Compassion Scale in 20 Diverse Samples: Support for Use of a Total Score and Six Subscale Scores

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Neff, Kristin D., Tóth-Király, István, Yarnell, Lisa M., Arimitsu, Kohki, Castilho, Paula, Ghorbani, Nima, Guo, Hailan Xiaoxia, Hirsch, Jameson K. +10 more·2019·Psychological Assessment
DOI 10.1037/pas0000629
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Abstract

This study examined the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) using secondary data drawn from 20 samples (N = 11,685)-7 English and 13 non-English-including 10 community, 6 student, 1 mixed community/student, 1 meditator, and 2 clinical samples. Self-compassion is theorized to represent a system with 6 constituent components: self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness and reduced self-judgment, isolation and overidentification. There has been controversy as to whether a total score on the SCS or if separate scores representing compassionate versus uncompassionate self-responding should be used. The current study examined the factor structure of the SCS using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) to examine 5 distinct models: 1-factor, 2-factor correlated, 6-factor correlated, single-bifactor (1 general self-compassion factor and 6 group factors), and 2-bifactor models (2 correlated general factors each with 3 group factors representing compassionate or uncompassionate self-responding). Results indicated that a 1- and 2-factor solution to the SCS had inadequate fit in every sample examined using both CFA and ESEM, whereas fit was excellent using ESEM for the 6-factor correlated, single-bifactor and correlated 2-bifactor models. However, factor loadings for the correlated 2-bifactor models indicated that 2 separate factors were not well specified. A general factor explained 95% of the reliable item variance in the single-bifactor model. Results support use of the SCS to examine 6 subscale scores (representing the constituent components of self-compassion) or a total score (representing overall self-compassion), but not separate scores representing compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

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  • Self-compassion is associated with adaptive coping and emotional stability and contributes to predicting health and well-being in chronic illness contexts.

    “Yet, it is possible that it is related to positive reframing of negative events; indeed, it is associated with adaptive coping [77,78] and emotional stability [79] and it contributes to predicting health and well-being also in chronic illness contexts [80,81].”

    From The Role of Emotion-Related Abilities in the Quality of Life of Breast Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [79]

    The Discussion links self-compassion with negative emotionality and well-being, and the paper’s introductory discussion reports more stable self-worth and less negative affect during stress. These passages support the emotional-stability aspect, but they do not establish an association with adaptive coping or prediction of health and well-being specifically in chronic illness contexts. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  1. Benda, J., & Reichová, A. (2016). [Psychometric characteristics of the Czech version of the SelfCompassion Scale] Psychometrické charakteristiky č eské verze Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-CZ). Č eskoslovenská psychologie. 60 (2), 20-36.
  2. Ghorbani, N., Chen, Z., Saeedi, Z., Behjati, Z.,Watson,P.J. (2013). Sakhtare Ameli Meghyase Shafeghat e Khod dar Iran (Factorial Structure of Self-Compassion Scale in Iran) Pazhohesh Haye Karbordi Ravanshenakhti, 4 (3), 29-41. (In Persian)
  3. Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion: Conceptualizations, research and use in psychotherapy. London: Brunner-Routledge.
  4. Hupfeld, J., & Ruffieux, N. (2011). Validation of a German version of the self-compassion scale (SCS-D). Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie, 40 (2), 115-123.
  5. Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus users guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
  6. Neff, K. D. & Germer, C. (2017). Self-compassion and psychological wellbeing. In J. Doty (Ed.) Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science (pp. 371-386) . Oxford University Press.

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Authors
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Yarnell, L. M., Arimitsu, K., Castilho, P., Ghorbani, N., Guo, H. X., Hirsch, J. K., Hupfeld, J., Hutz, C. S., Kotsou, I., Lee, W. K., Montero-Marin, J., Sirois, F. M., de Souza, L. K., Svendsen, J. L., Wilkinson, R. B., & Mantzios, M.
Affiliations
  • The University of Texas at Austin (US)
  • American Institutes for Research (US)
  • Kwansei Gakuin University (JP)
  • University of Coimbra (PT)
  • University of Tehran (IR)
  • East Tennessee State University (US)
  • University of Bern (CH)
  • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
  • Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
  • Seoul Cyber University (KR)
  • University of Sheffield (GB)
  • University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
  • Birmingham City University (GB)
Corresponding author
Neff, Kristin D.
ORCID
Venue
Psychological Assessment
Publisher
American Psychological Association (APA)
Published
2019-01
Volume
31
Issue
1
Pages
27-45
ISSN
  • 1040-3590 (ISSN-L)
  • 1939-134X
DOI
10.1037/pas0000629
OpenAlex
W2888066044
Cited by
397
References
114
Citations by year
2026: 46 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 6
FWCI
35.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Psychological Assessment (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • BCU Open Access Repository (Birmingham City University) (acceptedVersion)
  • Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) (submittedVersion)
  • Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
  • Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
  • Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Lume (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) (submittedVersion)
  • NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment (08/56/01)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords
self-compassion, Self-Compassion Scale, factor structure, bifactor model, self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness, isolation, over-identification, subscale scores, full score
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Empathy, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Young Adult

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