Effectiveness of self-compassion-related interventions for reducing self-criticism: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Self-criticism is the process of negative self-evaluation. High levels are associated with psychopathology and poorer therapeutic outcomes. Self-compassion interventions were developed to explicitly target self-criticism. The aim of this review was to estimate the overall effect of self-compassion-related interventions on self-criticism outcomes and investigate potential moderating variables. A systematic search of the literature identified 20 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria. Nineteen papers, involving 1350 participants, had sufficient data to be included in the meta-analysis. Pre- and post-data points were extracted for the compassion and control groups. Study quality was assessed using an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool, which concluded that studies were of moderate quality. Meta-analysis findings indicated that self-compassion-related interventions produce a significant, medium reduction in self-criticism in comparison with control groups (Hedges' g = 0.51, 95% CI [0.33-0.69]). Moderator analysis found greater reductions in self-criticism when self-compassion-related interventions were longer and compared with passive controls rather than active. The remaining moderators of forms of self-criticism, sample type, intervention delivery, intervention setting and risk of bias ratings were insignificant. Overall, the review provides promising evidence of the effectiveness of self-compassion-related interventions for reducing self-criticism. However, results are limited by moderate quality studies with high heterogeneity. Directions for future research indicate that more RCTs with active controls, follow-ups, consistent use and reporting of measures and diverse samples are needed.
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Studies focusing on parental caregiving consistently indicate that parents who cultivate higher levels of self-compassion experience reduced levels of parenting stress, guilt, shame, and self-criticism while concurrently reporting greater levels of parenting satisfaction, competence, and overall well-being.
“Studies focusing on parental caregiving consistently indicate that parents who cultivate higher levels of self-compassion experience reduced levels of parenting stress, guilt, shame, and self-criticism [73] while concurrently reporting greater levels of parenting satisfaction, competence, and overall well-being [47,73].”
From Roles of Parental Psychological Flexibility, Self-Compassion, and Self-Efficacy in Affecting Mental Health and Quality of Life in Parents of Children with Eczema (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
The Abstract (p. 1) reports that self-compassion-related interventions reduced self-criticism across the trials reviewed, and the study table (p. 14) identifies a parenting-focused self-judgment measure. The paper does not establish the broader claim that parents consistently experience less parenting stress, guilt, and shame or greater parenting satisfaction, competence, and well-being. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Wakelin, K. E., Perman, G., & Simonds, L. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Wakelin, Katherine E.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-05-05
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-25
- ISSN
- 1063-3995 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0879
- OpenAlex
- W3137777394
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 140
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- self-compassion interventions, self-criticism, negative self-evaluation, intervention effectiveness, intervention duration, psychopathology, treatment outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Self-Compassion, Humans, Self-Assessment
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