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Cited by 1Archaeological Research and ProtectionAmazonian Archaeology and EthnohistoryArchaeological and Geological Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Modelling pre-Hispanic settlement patterns in Alto de Toche, Colombia

Open access
Velandia, César Augusto, Ramírez, Daniel, Carvajal, Jhony, Bejarano, David·2024·Virtual Archaeology Review
DOI 10.4995/var.2024.20145
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Abstract

Highlights: The research contributes to a better understanding of the forms of settlement in the ancient landscape of Alto de Toche, influenced by Cerro Machin Volcano disaster risk. A terrain modelling reconstructed a geoarchaeological mountain landscape, composed of massive systems of terraces at Alto de Toche Wax Palm cloud forest. From digital photogrammetry in fieldwork, three sites were detailed. A DEM of the settlement pattern projected 37 possible new terraces. The resulting map is accessible in an ArcGIS-online web application. Abstract: The enhancement of the archaeological terraces on the Alto de Toche and the Wax Palm forest is unprecedented. The Toche region in Colombia contains an outstanding anthropised ecosystems presence (8000 BP), characterised by complex inherited cultural patterns, according to the evidences on the eastern margin of the Andes Central Cordillera. The research focused on i) the cultural landscape of the Premontane and Montane Cloud Forests of the Alto de Toche, built by the Toches; ii) its high-altitude settlements, interpreted as a strategy of ecological knowledge, deeply linked to their symbolic understanding of the landscape. Fieldwork in three sets of tambos (terraces for habitational settlements) in La Carbonera, Gallego, and Las Cruces sites was analysed using remote sensing, drone digital photogrammetry, and on-site data. Their interpretation projected a settlement pattern; a typological-topological tambos classification inferred its possible functions such as sighting, funerary, and dwelling, from 2600 MASL to biggest sites at 3000 MASL, related to the sun-moon proximity presumed for gatherings. The authors conclude that the patterns respond to a territorial understanding of its resources and the vertical exploitation of the agricultural thermal floors and micro-watersheds, associated with the east-west solar illumination over both sides of the Tochecito River basin; linked with the transit between ridges and steep slopes, through the network of pathways that originated the Quindío Trail. Data were projected crossing field-data photogrammetry with GIS spatial analysis; this resulted in a terrain model that reconstructs a geoarchaeological landscape composed of massive systems of tambos. Thirty-seven new sites were classified, twenty of them above 2800 MASL. The resulting terrain model facilitates a non-invasive previous prospection for fieldwork planning and a more feasible knowledge of accessibility, due to on-site transit difficulties (steep slopes and very unstable soil due to cattle ranching). Finally, the terrain model was uploaded in an easy-to-access ArcGIS-online web application for sharing with community stakeholders and visiting scientists.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper models pre-Hispanic settlement patterns in the Alto de Toche Wax Palm cloud forest, Colombia, using drone photogrammetry and GIS terrain analysis of terrace/tambo systems. It reconstructs a geoarchaeological landscape and projects 37 possible new terraces, 20 above 2800 MASL, shared via an ArcGIS Online web app.

Key findings

  • Fieldwork documented terraces at La Carbonera, Gallego, and Las Cruces; Las Cruces was the highest and most dense/diverse site, ranging from 2666 to 2943 MASL. La Carbonera terraces were recorded at 2935 and 2900 MASL with areas of 2099 and 2218 m² (Table 1).
  • The analysis yielded an average terrace slope of 16.5%; La Carbonera terraces were 0–12% slope, Las Cruces 10–35% slope and 165–3418 m² in area, and Gallego 10–25% slope and 300–465 m² in area. Las Cruces and Gallego were predominantly oriented South-Southwest, while La Carbonera was Southeast-Northeast.
  • Spatial analysis projected 37 possible new terraces, 20 above 2800 MASL. The Pajarito site belongs to a system of 17 terraces aligned on the Pajarito north and south ridges, with elevations from 2670 to 2860 MASL and larger terrace areas on eleven ridge-top terraces.
  • Fieldwork also found a red-slip ceramic rim and a possible tomb at Las Cruces, georeferenced at 2963 MASL; the interpretation was non-invasive, with no excavation.

Methods

  • Drone photogrammetry at La Carbonera, Las Cruces, and Gallego used a DJI Mavic 2 Pro at an average altitude of 40 m above ground level, Pix4Dcapture for flight planning, and approximately 300 georeferenced RGB images at 5472 × 3648 pixels, processed in Pix4Dmapper. Processing detected an average of 75,942 keypoints and 32,712 matches per image, with a final average Ground Sampling Distance of 2.24 cm over 0.080 km².
  • GIS terrain modelling used DEM/DTM, slope maps, reclassification into 8 slope levels with Jenks natural breaks, TIN/Delaunay triangulation, and natural neighbour interpolation. The procedure was applied to a 5800 ha raster of the enlarged study area to prospect new terraces.
  • Field and overflight work covered approximately 400 ha in the La Carbonera, Gallego, and Las Cruces cattle-ranch sites, with georeferenced tambos between 2666 and 2971 MASL facing the Tochecito River basin.

Limitations

  • Stated: paleoenvironmental research is scarce for Alto de Toche-Ibagué; the authors say more specific efforts are needed and that work in the area is just beginning. They also state the approach was non-invasive and involved no excavation.
  • Stated: on-site transit is difficult because of very steep slopes and unstable soil caused by cattle ranching and strong rains; the model is intended to help with prior field planning and accessibility.
  • Evident from the text: the 37 terraces are described as “possible” projections rather than excavated or dated features, and photogrammetry detailed only three sites over 0.080 km² per project while the broader model covers a much larger area, so ground confirmation remains necessary.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4995/var.2024.20145

Cites

69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

2 of 14 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    The Pajarito site belongs to a system of 17 terraces aligned on the Pajarito north and south ridges of Pajarito Creek.

    “For instance, the Pajarito site (visible from the Las Cruces site) belongs to a system of 17 terraces aligned on the Pajarito north and Pajarito south ridges of Pajarito Creek.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Observed patterns of ridges and streams show average watersheds approximately every 300 m.

    “Observed patterns of ridges and streams clearly shows visible average watersheds approximately every 300 m.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Patterns in the terrain model resulted in arrangement of possible flattened sites built as larger terraces on highest points of ridges above steep basins, as low terraces become smaller.

    “Patterns in the terrain model also resulted in the arrangement of possible flattened sites built as larger terraces on the highest points of the ridges above the steep basins, as low terraces become smaller.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The terrain modelling reconstructed a geoarchaeological mountain landscape composed of massive systems of terraces at Alto de Toche Wax Palm cloud forest.

    “A terrain modelling reconstructed a geoarchaeological mountain landscape, composed of massive systems of terraces at Alto de Toche Wax Palm cloud forest.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “El análisis espacial SIG arrojó un modelo de terreno que reconstruyó un paisaje geoarqueológico compuesto por sistemas masivos de tambos.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Paleoenvironmental research works are scarce on Alto de Toche-Ibagué.
  • Findingreasoning

    Terraces are concentrated on the ridges and banks of the San Rafael, Pajarito, El Chuscal, and Dantas creeks in the Tochecito River Basin.

    “These conditions also determined location patterns of terraces concentrated on the ridges and banks of the San Rafael, Pajarito, El Chuscal, and Dantas creeks in the Tochecito River Basin.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 12
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Lucena Salmoral (1963) reported ethnohistorical observations of solitary dwellings separated one from another, staggered from the middle to highest terraces along the blades ridges of the mountains, and visible from long distance.

    “Lucena Salmoral (1963) reported ethnohistorical observations of solitary dwellings separated one from another, staggered from the middle to highest terraces along the blades ridges of the mountains, and visible from long distance (Ramírez, 1996).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lucena Salmoral (1963) source

      The VIVIENDA section (p. 8) describes Pijao houses as solitary and far apart, situated high on mountain ridges. It does not describe dwellings staggered from middle to upper terraces or say they were visible from a long distance. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Ramírez, 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Recent modelling research revealed massive agrarian inhabited landscapes in volcanic soils by terraces construction.

    “Recent modelling research revealed massive agrarian inhabited landscapes in volcanic soils by terraces construction (Dorison & Siebe, 2023).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dorison & Siebe, 2023 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Gallego terraces have 10%-25% slope and 300-465 m2 of area.

    “Gallego terraces 10%-25% slope and 300-465 m 2 of area”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The analysis yielded an average slope of the terraces of 16.5% and obtained ranges of 8 representative slope levels in the field.

    “The analysis yielded an average slope of the terraces of 16.5% and obtained ranges of 8 representative slope levels in the field.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Las Cruces terraces have 10-35% slope and 165 to 3418 m2 of area.

    “Las Cruces between 10-35% slope and 165 to 3418 m 2 of area”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Fieldwork documented La Carbonera, Gallego, and Las Cruces; Las Cruces is the highest site with the most density and diversity of terraces, ranging from 2666 to 2943 MASL.

    “Fieldwork documented in La Carbonera (Site 1), Gallego (Site 2), and Las Cruces (Site 3) (Fig. 3.) determined Las Cruces the highest site where we found the most density and diversity of terraces in a long-range from 2666 to 2943 MASL.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The spatial analysis projected 37 terraces, 20 of them above 2800 MASL elevation.

    “A DEM of the settlement pattern projected 37 possible new terraces.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
      “Projecting the spatial analysis method for prospecting the settlement pattern of terraces occupation resulted in 37 terraces, 20 of them above 2800 MASL elevation (Table 2, Figs.S4 & S5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    La Carbonera (2218 MASL) has the largest terraces (2900-2935 m2) and a great view of the Tochecito River valley.

    “Followed by La Carbonera (2218 MASL) with the largest terraces (2900-2935 m 2 ) and a great view of the Tochecito River valley.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    The Las Cruces site contains a fragment of red-slip ceramic rim on both sides.

    “b) Fragment of red-slip ceramic rim on both sides”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Findingown data

    The Las Cruces site contains evidence of a tomb.

    “Las Cruces site: a) Evidence of a tomb”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Elevation hierarchies of terraces range from 2670 to 2860 MASL, and bigger terrace areas are located on eleven terraces on ridge tops.

    “Their elevation hierarchies range from 2670 to 2860 MASL, and their bigger terrace areas are located on eleven terraces located on ridge tops (Fig. 7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    In fieldwork, a ceramic piece border characterised by red slip and core of dark material of Tolima ceramics (indicator of ceramic dump) was found; and a prospect tomb in Las Cruces georeferenced at 2963 MASL.

    “Additionally, in fieldwork, we found a ceramic piece border characterised by the red slip and the core of dark material of Tolima ceramics (an indicator of a ceramic dump) (Fig. 10b); as well as a prospect tomb in the Las Cruces site, georeferenced at an altitude of 2963 MASL (Fig. 10a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    The solar orientation of Las Cruces and Gallego sites is predominantly South-Southwest (S-SW), while La Carbonera is oriented Southeast-Northeast (SE-NE).

    “The solar orientation of the Las Cruces and Gallego sites (north side of the Tochecito River) is predominantly oriented South-Southwest (S-SW), while La Carbonera is oriented Southeast-Northeast (SE-NE).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    We carried out an archaeological interpretation of the landscape and vertical management of settlement patterns in a noninvasive approach since we did not carry out any excavation.

    “We can affirm that we carried out an archaeological interpretation of the landscape and the vertical management of the settlement patterns in a noninvasive approach since we did not carry out any excavation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The result can be viewed in detail using an ArcGIS-online web app, easily accessible for sharing with local residents and stakeholders; also useful for visiting scientists and birdwatchers.

    “The result can be viewed in detail using an ArcGIS-online web app, easily accessible for sharing with local residents and stakeholders.Also, it can be useful for visiting scientists and birdwatchers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    This is the first work in Tolima of high-altitude archaeology in Toche.

    “It can be stated that there is much concordance with the work in nearby sites of Cajamarca and Anaime, but this is the first work in Tolima of high-altitude archaeology in Toche.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Mapping geoforms associated with CMV is new as well as the study of their archaeological-cultural landscape.

    “Mapping geoforms associated with CMV is new as well as the study of their archaeological-cultural landscape.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In Bermellón and Anaime River basins near Toche and Tochecito basins, Cely Vargas (2021) documented demographic changes: greater number of tambos between 1600 and 2100 MASL; number decreased between 2600 and 2900 MASL although they tend to be larger.

    “In the Bermellón and Anaime River basins near Toche and Tochecito basins, Cely Vargas (2021) documented demographic changes in the population of pre-Hispanic settlements.A greater number of tambos were found between 1600 and 2100 MASL.The number of tambos decreased between 2600 and 2900 MASL although they tend to be larger.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cely Vargas (2021)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationown data

    From the Alto Toche transect data, La Carbonera 1 and 2 correspond to the largest terrain removed by Toches builders with best topographic location for visibility and sight ability, highest annual insolation, and highest horizontality (lower slope).

    “From the data recorded during the Alto Toche transect (Table 1), it could be inferred that La Carbonera 1 and 2 correspond to the largest terrain removed by Toches builders with best topographic location for visibility and sight ability, the highest annual insolation (hours/daylight), and the highest horizontality of the terrace (lower slope); very useful attributes to interpret the data related”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The middle zones were transit and movement zones between microwatersheds and the most diverse areas of production or agricultural spaces.

    “in the middle zones occurred the transit and movement zones between the microwatersheds and were the most diverse areas of production or agricultural spaces.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Historically, the Quindío Trail represented a unique transversal communication channel of the pre-Hispanic world through Peru and was the origin of a profuse network of roads that communicated dispersed settlements in the region.

    “Historically, the Quindío Trail represented a unique transversal communication channel of the pre-Hispanic world through Peru and was the origin of a profuse network of roads that communicated dispersed settlements in the region.It allowed the exchange of goods and knowledge between cultures that inhabited the southern part of Colombia from the Pacific coast to the high mountains and down to the”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Langebaek, 1987, 1991

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ramírez, 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Settlement tambos are strategic; they potentially communicated ideas and principles for planning and environmental management of the forest as well as conceptions of the symbolic world involving social reproduction of ethnic kinship segments.

    “Settlement tambos are strategic.It potentially communicated ideas and principles for the planning and environmental management of the forest as well as conceptions of the symbolic world involving the social reproduction of ethnic kinship segments (Service, 1975;Ramírez, 1996;1999;Velandia Jagua et al., 2014, 2019;Velandia Jagua, 2018;Zuluaga et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Service, 1975

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ramírez, 1996

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Velandia Jagua et al., 2014, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Tolima's Central Cordillera settlements are influenced by the Cerro Machín Volcano (CMV) geoheritage, with multiple stratigraphic evidence of its highly explosive activities every 900 years and a pyroclastic deposits area of approximately 1000 km2.

    “Tolima's Central Cordillera settlements are influenced by the Cerro Machín Volcano (CMV) geoheritage, with multiple stratigraphic evidence of its highly explosive activities (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, & 8) every 900 years and a pyroclastic deposits area of approximately 1000 km 2 (Thouret et al., 1995;INGEOMINAS, 2003;Murcia et al., 2008Murcia et al., , 2010;;Vega Mora, 2009, 2013;Laeger et al., 2013;L”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Thouret et al., 1995 source
    • cites INGEOMINAS, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Murcia et al., 2008, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Ancient farming dynamics and its cultural implications hypotheses of agricultural resources management do not necessarily imply sophisticated agrarian features but certainly imply a conscious effort to the knowledge of drainage and to communicate terraces and develop an interpretation of its relationship with nature.

    “Ancient farming dynamics and its cultural implications hypotheses of agricultural resources management do not necessarily imply sophisticated agrarian features but certainly imply a conscious effort to the knowledge of drainage and to communicate terraces and develop an interpretation of its relationship with nature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The groups that populated the premontane forests of the Northern Andes manipulated the environment to increase their carrying capacity, creating anthropic landscapes that were laboratories for domestication and cultivation of plants, from late Pleistocene and early/middle Holocene.

    “According to Aceituno & Loaiza (2007) and Gnecco & Aceituno (2004), the groups that populated the premontane forests of the Northern Andes manipulated the environment to increase their carrying capacity, thus creating anthropic landscapes that were laboratories for the domestication and cultivation of plants, from the late Pleistocene and during the early and middle Holocene.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Aceituno & Loaiza (2007)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Gnecco & Aceituno (2004)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The resulting terrain model will help with previous prospection for fieldwork planning and more feasible knowledge of accessibility due to on-site difficulties.

    “Likewise, the resulting terrain model will help with a previous prospection for fieldwork planning and a more feasible knowledge of accessibility due to on-site difficulties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Terraces were possibly used for sighting, funerary, dwelling, and gathering at higher altitude terraces related to east-west solar illumination.

    “defensa y avistamiento, funerario, vivienda, desde los 2600 m s. n. m., hasta las terrazas más grandes y elevadas a 3000 m s. n. m.; en éstas, la proximidad solar posiblemente estaba relacionada con prácticas colectivas.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The Toches people displayed a conscious effort by managing hydrology, sighting and defence, and inner-interregional commercial interchange, due to an extensive trail network transit between ridges and steep slopes, which becomes the Quindío Trail.

    “The Toches people displayed a conscious effort by managing the hydrology, sighting and defence, and inner -interregional commercial interchange, due to an extensive trail network transit between the ridges and the steep slopes, which becomes the Quindío Trail.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
28 of 28

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Paleoenvironmental research works are scarce on Alto de Toche-Ibagué.

    “But paleoenvironmental research works are scarce on Alto de Toche-Ibagué.”
1 of 1

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • La Carbonera is not listed as having the largest terrace

    Minor

    The results describe La Carbonera's terraces as the largest, but Table 1 lists a Las Cruces terrace of 3418 m2, larger than either La Carbonera terrace.

  • Pajarito elevation range excludes a listed terrace

    Minor

    The stated 2670-2860 MASL range for the Pajarito terraces excludes Pajarito 10, which Table 2 lists at 2623 MASL.

  • La Carbonera elevation conflicts with Table 1

    Minor

    The results place La Carbonera at 2218 MASL, but Table 1 lists its two terraces at 2935 and 2900 MASL. The reported 2218 matches the table's area for Carbonera 2, not its elevation.

  • La Carbonera terrace areas conflict with Table 1

    Minor

    The results give La Carbonera terrace areas as 2900-2935 m2, while Table 1 gives areas of 2099 and 2218 m2. The stated area figures instead match the table's elevations.

  • Gallego slope range conflicts with Table 1

    Minor

    The results give Gallego terraces a 10%-25% slope range, but Table 1 lists Gallego 4 at 25.3%-36%.

  • Las Cruces tomb has two reported elevations

    Minor

    The conclusion locates the Las Cruces tomb at 2963 MASL, whereas Table 1 lists the Las Cruces Tomb at 2693 MASL.

6 of 6

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 16

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  5. Cano, M. C., & López, C. (2017). Impacto de las erupciones volcánicas durante los últimos 12.000 años en la región del Cauca Medio, centro-occidente de Colombia: aportes de la geoarqueología y gestión del riesgo al conocimiento de interacciones milenarias naturaleza-cultura. In M. Ugalde (Ed.), Volcanes, Cenizas y Ocupaciones Antiguas en Perspectiva Geoarqueológica en América Latina (pp. 42-54). Quito: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador.
  6. Cano, M. C., Cortés, G., López, C., & Méndez, R. (2016). Relación geoarqueológica en depósitos de caída piroclástica del volcán Cerro Machín en el sector de Chagualá, Calarcá (Quindío-Colombia). In J. Rubin, C. Favier, R. da Silva (Eds.), Geoarqueologia Na América do Sul (pp. 221-264). Goiás: Pontifícia Universidade Católica Goiás.
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  13. Sibson, R. (1981). A Brief Description of Natural Neighbour Interpolation. In V. Barnett (Ed.), Interpreting Multivariate Data (pp. 21-36). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  14. von Hildebrand, M. (1987). Datos etnográficos sobre la astronomía de los indígenas Tanimuka del noroeste amazónico. In J. Arias de Greiff, & E. Reichel (Eds.), Etnoastronomía americana. Memorias del Simposio de Etnoastronomía y Arqueoastronomía Americana (pp. 233-353). Bogotá: Centro Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
  15. Zuluaga, J. E. (2020). Tumbas de cancel y conmemoración de hitos ambientales y astronómicos en el Cauca Medio, Colombia: El caso de Santa Rosa de Cabal. International Journal of South American Archaeology, 16, 1-13.
  16. Zuluaga, J. E.; Bedoya Álvarez, M. E., & Granados Mercado, A. D. (2019). Ocupaciones prehispánicas en la vereda Volcanes de Santa Rosa de Cabal y correlaciones con el análisis de tefras del Volcán Nevado del Ruiz. International Journal of South American Archaeology, 15, 79-87.

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Metadata

Authors
Velandia, C. A., Ramírez, D., Carvajal, J., & Bejarano, D.
Affiliations
Universidad del Tolima (CO)
ORCID
Venue
Virtual Archaeology Review
Publisher
Universitat Politecnica de Valencia
Published
2024-05-28
Volume
15
Issue
31
Pages
37-53
ISSN
1989-9947 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.4995/var.2024.20145
OpenAlex
W4400547834
Cited by
1
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 1
FWCI
0.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Virtual Archaeology Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • RiuNet (Universitat Politècnica de València) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Universidad Complutense de Madrid (María Zambrano Grant number CT19/22)
  • Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Grant number 89210-CT- 457-2021)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeological Research and Protection
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Archaeological and Geological Studies
Keywords
Tambo, terraces, cultural landscape, cloud forest, geoarchaeology, terrain modeling, digital photogrammetry, high-altitude settlement, archaeological site detection, Central Cordillera, community archaeology, web application

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

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