Perceived Control: How Is It Related to Daily Occupation in Patients With Mental Illness Living in the Community?
Abstract
Perceived control is of significance in occupational therapy, as revealed in empirical research and suggested in practice models. This study investigated the relationship between perceived control and occupational performance in persons with long-term mental illness. The 177 participants were assessed regarding perceived control (locus of control and self-mastery) and occupational performance (activity level and satisfaction with daily occupations). Subgroups with respect to diagnosis and having gainful employment or not were also explored concerning the targeted association. The results indicated relationships between perceived control and occupational performance in the sample as a whole and in all subgroups except that representing people engaged in gainful employment or education. The latter was a surprising result, considering that the importance of perceived control was originally identified in the work science area. The results strongly supported that perceived control should be included in the clinical reasoning of occupational therapists working in mental health care.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Self-mastery has been shown to influence how people with psychiatric disabilities perceive their daily occupations.
“Self-mastery has been shown to influence how people with PD perceive their daily occupations (19), as well as their activity level (3).”
From Factors influencing subjective perceptions of everyday occupations: Comparing day centre attendees with non-attendees (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
Cites
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937 · see citing works
Practical Statistics for Medical Research.
Walter, S., & Altman, D. G. (1992) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532320 · Cited by 11,665 · see citing works
Practical Statistics for Medical Research
Altman, D. G. (1990) · doi:10.1201/9780429258589 · Cited by 10,668 · see citing works
Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-0381 · Cited by 8,158 · see citing works
Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136676 · Cited by 6,289 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The Mastery Scale measures self-mastery, defined as “the extent to which people see themselves as being in control of the forces that importantly affect their lives” (Pearlin et al., 1981, p. 340).”
What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.3.321 · Cited by 3,516 · see citing works
Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Braff, D. L., & Mintz, J. (2000) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033430 · Cited by 2,999 · see citing works
Model of Human Occupation: Theory and Application
Kielhofner, G. (2002) · Cited by 1,568 · see citing works
The Person-Environment-Occupation Model: A Transactive Approach to Occupational Performance
Law, M., Cooper, B. A., Strong, S., Stewart, D., Rigby, P. J., & Letts, L. J. (1996) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/000841749606300103 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
Definition and prevalence of severe and persistent mental illness
Ruggeri, M., Leese, M., Thornicroft, G., Bisoffi, G., & Tansella, M. (2000) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.177.2.149 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Conceptual Foundations of Occupational Therapy
Kielhofner, G. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Factors Contributing to the Subjective Quality of Life of the Chronic Mentally Ill
Rosenfield, S. (1992) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137310 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Optimism, self-mastery, and symptoms of depression in women professionals.
Marshall, G. N., & Lang, E. L. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.59.1.132 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Kielhofner, G., Forsyth, K., Suman, M., Kramer, J., Nakamura-Thomas, H., Yamada, T., Cordeiro, J. R., Keponen, R., Pan, A. W., & Henry, A. (1985) · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Goldberg, B., Brintnell, E. S., & Goldberg, J. (2002) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1300/j004v18n02_03 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Psychosocial Components of Occupational Therapy
Mosey, A. C. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Bejerholm, U., & Eklund, M. (2007) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.61.1.21 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationEklund, M., Hansson, L., & Ahlqvist, C. (2004) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1023/b:comh.0000040659.19844.c2 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationPalmer, B. W., Heaton, R. K., Gladsjo, J. A., Evans, J. D., Patterson, T. L., Golshan, S., & Jeste, D. V. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00218-3 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Meaningful Work in Supportive Environments: Experiences With the Recovery Process
Strong, S. (1998) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.52.1.31 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Eklund, M., Hansson, L., & Bejerholm, U. (2001) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050293 · Cited by 125 · cited 13× · see citing works
“However, the fact that the two measures of control yielded different findings is not surprising, because they have been shown to be only moderately related (Eklund et al., 2001).”
InfluentialSelf-citationHansson, L. I., Middelboe, T., Merinder, L. B., Bjarnason, Ó., Bengtsson‐Tops, A., Nilsson, L., Sandlund, M., Sourander, A., Sørgaard, K. W., & Vinding, H. R. (1999) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/002076409904500403 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Eklund, M., & Leufstadius, C. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/000841740707400403 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationNagle, S., Cook, J. V., & Polatajko, H. J. (2002) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2002.9686495 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Fava, G. A., Rafanelli, C., Ottolini, F., Ruini, C., Cazzaro, M., & Grandi, S. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00267-6 · Cited by 101 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Because perceived control is indicative of pervasive recovery (Fava et al., 2001), its role in relation to daily occupations should be explored.”
BENGTSSON‐TOPS, A. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2003.00718.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Satisfaction with Daily Occupations: A Tool for Client Evaluation in Mental Health Care
Eklund, M. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038120410020700 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors relevant to a return to work: A multivariate approach
Hansen, A., Edlund, C., & Henningsson, M. (2006) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2006-00506 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Meaning of Daily Activities and Subjective Quality of Life in People with Severe Mental Illness
Aubin, G., Hachey, R., & Mercier, C. (1999) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/110381299443744 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Eklund, M., Bäckström, M., & Hansson, L. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00103.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationSignificant resources needed for return to work after sick leave
Hansen, A. L., Edlund, C., & Bränholm, I.-B. (2005) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-2005-00459 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Bengtsson‐Tops, A., Hansson, L. I., Sandlund, M., Bjarnason, Ó., Korkeila, J. A., Merinder, L. B., Nilsson, L.-L., Sørgaard, K. W., Vinding, H. R., & Middelboe, T. (2005) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-004-3926-5 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Functioning after a major depressive episode: complete or incomplete recovery?
Buist‐Bouwman, M. A. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.02.007 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Eklund, M., & Bäckström, M. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038120600928823 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationEnjoyment Experiences as Described by Persons with Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study
Emerson, H., Cook, J. V., Polatajko, H. J., & Segal, R. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/000841749806500403 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Relationships of Hassles and Uplifts to Experience of Health in Working Women
Erlandsson, L., & Eklund, M. (2003) · Women & Health · doi:10.1300/j013v38n04_02 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationValues, Personal Causation and Skills of Delinquents and Nondelinquents
Lederer, J. M., Kielhofner, G., & Watts, J. H. (1985) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1300/j004v05n02_05 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Schizophrenia, Psychiatric Rehabilitation, and Healthy Development: A Theoretical Framework
Starkey, D., & Flannery, R. B. (1997) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1023/a:1025405721968 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rehabilitation of Schizophrenic Patients
Gunatilake, S., Ananth, J., Parameswaran, S., Brown, S., & da Silva, W. L. B. (2004) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612043384141 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Henry, A. D., & Coster, W. J. (1997) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.51.4.267 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Occupational functioning in relation to psychiatric diagnoses: Schizophrenia and mood disorders
Lars, L., Thorell, H.-H., & Wålinder, J. (1998) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039489850139148 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Eklund, M., Erlandsson, L., & Hagell, P. (2012) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2012.656701 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationHåkansson, C., Björkelund, C., & Eklund, M. (2011) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2011.00976.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationEklund, M., & Gunnarsson, A. B. (2006) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2006.00586.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationEklund, M., & Bäckström, M. (2006) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1080/11038120600928823 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationOlder Adults' Perceptions of Physical Activity: A Qualitative Study
Janssen, S. L., & Stube, J. E. (2013) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.1361 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Argentzell, E., Leufstadius, C., & Eklund, M. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.3109/11038128.2011.560963 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, Y.-L., Hsiung, P., Chung, L., Chen, S., & Pan, A. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.3109/11038128.2013.838999 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Illman, S. C., Spence, S., O'Campo, P. J., & Kirsh, B. H. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0008417413506555 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Synovec, C. E. (2015) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/0164212x.2014.1001014 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Factors Influencing Occupational Engagement in Day Centers for People with Psychiatric Disabilities
Tjörnstrand, C., Bejerholm, U., & Eklund, M. (2014) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9765-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceived Control among People with Severe Mental Illness: A Comparative Study
Patterson, C., Moxham, L. J., Taylor, E. K., Sumskis, S., Perlman, D., Brighton, R. M., Heffernan, T., & Keough, E. (2016) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2016.04.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Devine, A. E., Vaughan, C., Kavanagh, A. M., Dickinson, H., Byars, S., Dimov, S., Gye, B., & Brophy, L. M. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8452-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Factors affecting mental fitness for work in a sample of mentally ill patients
Elsayed, Y. A. R., Al-Zahrani, M. A., & Rashad, M. M. (2009) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-3-25 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sutton, D. (2008) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hutcheson, C., Fleming, M. P., & Martin, C. R. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12160 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jackman, M. M. (2016) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40537-7_12 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ammeraal, M., & Coppers, J. (2012) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1002/oti.1323 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Engagement in community-based day centres for people with psychiatric disabilities
Tjörnstrand, C. (2012) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Weintraub, M. J., de Mamani, A. W., & Tawfik, S. H. (2016) · Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology · doi:10.30849/rip/ijp.v49i3.45 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Association Between Occupational Participation and Quality of Life in Japanese Older Adults
Shimokihara, S., Yokoyama, K., Ihira, H., Matsuzaki‐Kihara, Y., Mizumoto, A., Tashiro, H., Saito, H., Makino, K., Shimada, K., Yama, K., et al. (2025) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492251327983 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Argentzell, E. (2012) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Effects of Multiple Sclerosis on Perceived Parenting Roles and Adolescent Coping
Coundourides, A., Host, K., & Rexroat, E. (2013) · ScholarWorks - GVSU (Grand Valley State University)
Family-Centered Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Locus of Control in Maternal Caregivers
Kucsan, L. K. (2011) · Digital Collections - Ithaca College Library (Ithaca College)
Working With Elders Who Have Psychiatric Conditions
Burkhardt, A., Byers-Connon, S., Drake, L. M., & Barnette, P. L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-49846-3.00021-4
- Authors
- Eklund, M.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Eklund, Mona
- ORCID
- Eklund, Mona
- Venue
- American Journal of Occupational Therapy
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-09
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 535-542
- ISSN
- 0272-9490 (ISSN-L)
- 1943-7676
- OpenAlex
- W2115579526
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Occupational Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Therapy Practice and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Conservation › Art Therapy and Mental Health
- Keywords
- perceived control, locus of control, self-control, occupational performance, daily occupations, mental illness, community-dwelling patients, activity level, employment
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Aptitude, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation, Vocational, Social Support, Sweden, Task Performance and Analysis, Self Efficacy, Persons with Psychiatric Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
