The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Imagery Rescripting as a Therapeutic Technique: Review of Clinical Trials, Basic Studies, and Research Agenda
Abstract
Imagery Rescripting (ImRs) is a therapeutic technique addressing specific memories of earlier experiences associated with present problems. By imagining that the course of events is changed in a more desired direction, powerful therapeutic effects have been found. The interest in and applications of ImRs are quickly increasing. This review discusses clinical studies assessing effects of ImRs, as well as possible processes underlying ImRs, and laboratory studies examining these underlying processes. It is concluded that although research into ImRs is still in its infancy, and many studies have their methodological limitations, results are promising. Therefore a research agenda is sketched, suggesting the next steps in both clinical and fundamental research.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“ImRs is an ST technique that is a highly effective evidence-based stand-alone trauma processing technique for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and a range of other disorders (1–5).”
From Timing of imagery rescripting during schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: the LUCY trial (2023) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0 · Cited by 6,147
Schema Therapy: a Practitioner's Guide
Simeon, D. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00529-4 · Cited by 1,280
Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T., Kremers, I., Nadort, M., & Arntz, A. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.649 · Cited by 1,248
Self-citationBrewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018113 · Cited by 1,226
Evaluative conditioning in humans: A meta-analysis.
Hofmann, W., Houwer, J. D., Perugini, M., Baeyens, F., & Crombez, G. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018916 · Cited by 993
Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001 · Cited by 976
Beyond extinction: erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear
Kindt, M., Soeter, M., & Vervliet, B. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2271 · Cited by 826
Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: development and evaluation
Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennell, M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.006 · Cited by 703
Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Grey, N., Waddington, L., & Wild, J. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.3.568 · Cited by 603
Krakow, B., Hollifield, M., Johnston, L., Koss, M., Schrader, R., Warner, T. D., Tandberg, D., Lauriello, J., McBride, L., Cutchen, L., et al. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.5.537 · Cited by 557
Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information
Hupbach, A., Gomez, R., Hardt, O., & Nadel, L. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.365707 · Cited by 544
Reconsolidation: maintaining memory relevance
Lee, J. L. C. (2009) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.002 · Cited by 516
Treatment of childhood memories: Theory and practice
Arntz, A., & Weertman, A. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00173-9 · Cited by 488
Self-citationEhlers, A., Clark, D. M., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., Fennell, M., Herbert, C., & Mayou, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1024 · Cited by 485
Imagery rescripting in cognitive behaviour therapy: Images, treatment techniques and outcomes
Holmes, E. A., Arntz, A., & Smucker, M. R. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.007 · Cited by 465
Self-citationFarrell, J. M., Shaw, I. A., & Webber, M. A. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.01.002 · Cited by 428
Understanding cognitive behaviour therapy: A retrieval competition account
Brewin, C. R. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.02.005 · Cited by 425
Holmes, E. A., James, E. L., Coode-Bate, T., & Deeprose, C. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004153 · Cited by 416
Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry
(1976) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-021148-0.50045-1 · Cited by 401
An Introduction to Compassion Focused Therapy in Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Gilbert, P. (2010) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2010.3.2.97 · Cited by 399
Positive Interpretation Training: Effects of Mental Imagery Versus Verbal Training on Positive Mood
Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.002 · Cited by 391
Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder
Kellogg, S. H., & Young, J. E. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20240 · Cited by 366
Reconsolidation: the advantage of being refocused
Dudai, Y. (2006) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.010 · Cited by 357
Treatment of PTSD: A comparison of imaginal exposure with and without imagery rescripting
Arntz, A. R., Tiesema, M., & Kindt, M. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.006 · Cited by 290
Self-citationHolmes, E. A., James, E. L., Kilford, E. J., & Deeprose, C. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013706 · Cited by 273
Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., & Bernstein, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.3.285 · Cited by 265
Self-citationDisrupting reconsolidation: Pharmacological and behavioral manipulations
Soeter, M., & Kindt, M. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2148511 · Cited by 262
Nadort, M., Arntz, A., Smit, J. H., Giesen-Bloo, J., Eikelenboom, M., Spinhoven, P., van Asselt, T., Wensing, M., & van Dyck, R. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.013 · Cited by 259
Self-citationDavis, T. E., Munson, M. S., & Reuther, E. T. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0234-4_11 · Cited by 237
Oxford Guide to Imagery in Cognitive Therapy
(2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780199234028.001.0001 · Cited by 236
Reconsolidation of declarative memory in humans
Forcato, C., Burgos, V. L., Argibay, P. F., Molina, V. A., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.486107 · Cited by 229
Rescripting early memories linked to negative images in social phobia: A pilot study
Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.04.003 · Cited by 212
Imagery rescripting as a brief stand-alone treatment for depressed patients with intrusive memories
Brewin, C. R., Wheatley, J., Patel, T., Fearon, P. R. M., Hackmann, A., Adrian Wells, A., Fisher, P., & Myers, S. G. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.008 · Cited by 190
Imagery in human classical conditioning.
Dadds, M. R., Bovbjerg, D. H., Redd, W. H., & Cutmore, T. R. H. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.89 · Cited by 186
When the present visits the past: Updating traumatic memories in social phobia
Wild, J., Hackmann, A., & Clark, D. M. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.07.003 · Cited by 177
van Asselt, A. D. I., Dirksen, C. D., Arntz, A. R., Giesen-Bloo, J. H., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Kreimers, I. P., Nadort, M., & Severens, J. L. (2008) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.033597 · Cited by 172
Self-citationDuffy, M., Gillespie, K., & Clark, D. M. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39021.846852.be · Cited by 171
Forcato, C., Argibay, P. F., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.011 · Cited by 166
Randomized clinical trial for treatment of chronic nightmares in trauma‐exposed adults
Davis, J. L., & Wright, D. C. (2007) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20199 · Cited by 164
Grunert, B. K., Weis, J. M., Smucker, M. R., & Christianson, H. F. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.005 · Cited by 163
Cognitive Therapy of Borderline Personality Disorder
Layden, M. A., Newman, C. F., Freeman, A., Mors, S. E., & Stein, D. J. (1998) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.12.3.282 · Cited by 153
Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M., & Smeets, M. A. M. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.09.004 · Cited by 141
Imagery Rescripting for Personality Disorders
Arntz, A. R. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.04.006 · Cited by 141
Self-citationUCS revaluation and conditioning models of acquired fears
Davey, G. C. L. (1989) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90086-7 · Cited by 132
“I’ll believe it when I can see it”: Imagery rescripting of intrusive sensory memories in depression
Wheatley, J., Brewin, C. R., Patel, T., Hackmann, A., Adrian Wells, A., Fisher, P., & Myers, S. G. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.005 · Cited by 129
Treating incest-related PTSD and pathogenic schemas through imaginal exposure and rescripting
Smucker, M. R., & Niederee, J. L. (1995) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(05)80005-7 · Cited by 127
Schema therapy for patients with borderline personality disorder: a single case series
Nordahl, H. M., & Nysæter, T. E. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.05.007 · Cited by 124
Reduced intrusion development after post-trauma imagery rescripting; an experimental study
Hagenaars, M. A., & Arntz, A. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.09.005 · Cited by 124
Self-citationSchema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder
Arntz, A. R., & van Genderen, H. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119101161 · Cited by 119
Self-citationOhanian, V. (2002) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10044 · Cited by 107
Restructuring implicational meaning through memory-based imagery: Some historical notes
Edwards, D. J. A. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.001 · Cited by 97
Weertman, A., & Arntz, A. R. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.02.013 · Cited by 95
Self-citationAdding imagery rescripting during extinction leads to less ABA renewal
Dibbets, P., Poort, H., & Arntz, A. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.08.006 · Cited by 81
Self-citationImages of the self in social anxiety: effects on the retrieval of autobiographical memories
Stopa, L., & Jenkins, A. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.08.006 · Cited by 78
Imagery rescripting versus in vivo exposure in the treatment of snake fear
Hunt, M. G., & Fenton, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.09.001 · Cited by 71
Cognitive therapy and the restructuring of early memories through guided imagery
Edwards, D. J. A. (1990) · Cited by 61
Perceptual and conceptual processing as predictors of treatment outcome in PTSD
Kindt, M., Buck, N. M. L., Arntz, A. R., & Soeter, M. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.002 · Cited by 58
Self-citationJournal of Experimental Psychopathology
(2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep · Cited by 55
Emotion Causes Targeted Forgetting of Established Memories
Strange, B. A., Kroes, M. C. W., Fan, J. E., & Dolan, R. J. (2010) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00175 · Cited by 54
Davis, J. L., & Wright, D. C. (2005) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15402010bsm0303_3 · Cited by 54
Jacob, G. A., Arendt, J., Kolley, L., Scheel, C. N., Bader, K., Lieb, K., Arntz, A. R., & Tüscher, O. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.005 · Cited by 49
Self-citationCooper, M. J., Todd, G., & Turner, H. M. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/088983907780851577 · Cited by 44
The role of imagery in the maintenance and treatment of snake fear
Hunt, M. G., Bylsma, L. M., Brock, J., Fenton, M. C., Goldberg, A., Miller, R., Tran, T. B., & Urgelles, J. (2006) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.12.002 · Cited by 43
Cognitive Restructuring through Guided Imagery
Edwards, D. J. A. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9779-4_15 · Cited by 41
ten Napel‐Schutz, M. C., Abma, T., Bamelis, L. L. M., & Arntz, A. R. (2011) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.04.005 · Cited by 31
Self-citationImagery Rescripting in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Long, M. E., & Quevillon, R. P. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.23.1.67 · Cited by 28
Imagery rescripting for psychological disorder following cancer: A case study
Whitaker, K. L., Brewin, C. R., & Watson, M. (2009) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1348/135910709x425329 · Cited by 10
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Bamelis L.L.M., 2012, Results of a multicentered randomized controlled trial on the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders
- Blackburn J., Journal of Experimental Psychopathology
- Clark D.M., 2011, Developing and Disseminating Effective Psychological Treatments for Anxiety Disorders: Science, Practice and Economics.
- de Jong P., 2011, PTSD as a consequence of interpersonal violence in the primary support group during childhood: imaginal expsoure vs.
- Edwards D. J. A., 1990, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 4, 33
- Edwards D. J. A., 2011, Oxford guide to imagery in cognitive therapy, xxxiii
- Edwards D., 2011, Handbook Schema Therapy.
- Hagenaars M. A., 2011, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
- HolmesE. A. & MathewsA. (2010). Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Review, 30, 349–362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001 · DOI · Paper page
- Page N., 2010, Imagery rescripting for obsessive-compulsive disorder.
- Raabe S., 2010, Imagery Rescripting for PTSD resulting from chronic interpersonal early childhood traumatization.
- Seebauer L., 2011, Work in progress.
- Stopa L., 2010, Imagery and the self: does imagery rescripting work by making adaptive self-representations more available and accessible?
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Imagery rescripting as a clinical intervention for aversive memories: A meta-analysis
Morina, N., Lancee, J., & Arntz, A. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.11.003 · Cited by 282
Self-citationPearson, D., Deeprose, C., Wallace-Hadrill, S. M. A., Heyes, S. B., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.001 · Cited by 314
Emotional Mental Imagery as Simulation of Reality: Fear and Beyond—A Tribute to Peter Lang
Ji, J. L., Heyes, S. B., MacLeod, C., & Holmes, E. A. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.11.004 · Cited by 234
Schema Therapy for Personality Disorders—A Review
Jacob, G. A., & Arntz, A. (2013) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2013.6.2.171 · Cited by 181
Self-citationMemory editing from science fiction to clinical practice
Phelps, E. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1433-7 · Cited by 170
Metadata
- Authors
- Arntz, A.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Arntz, Arnoud
- ORCID
- Arntz, Arnoud
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychopathology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 189-208
- ISSN
- 2043-8087 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2032187507
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 13.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- imagery rescripting, treatment options, memory reprocessing, cognitive therapy, clinical trials, research agenda
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review