Emotional Mental Imagery as Simulation of Reality: Fear and Beyond—A Tribute to Peter Lang
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This article pays tribute to the seminal paper by Peter J. Lang (1977; this journal), "Imagery in Therapy: Information Processing Analysis of Fear." We review research and clinical practice developments in the past five decades with reference to key insights from Lang's theory and experimental work on emotional mental imagery. First, we summarize and recontextualize Lang's bio-informational theory of emotional mental imagery (1977, 1979) within contemporary theoretical developments on the function of mental imagery. Second, Lang's proposal that mental imagery can evoke emotional responses is evaluated by reviewing empirical evidence that mental imagery has a powerful impact on negative as well as positive emotions at neurophysiological and subjective levels. Third, we review contemporary cognitive and behavioral therapeutic practices that use mental imagery, and consider points of extension and departure from Lang's original investigation of mental imagery in fear-extinction behavior change. Fourth, Lang's experimental work on emotional imagery is revisited in light of contemporary research on emotional psychopathology-linked individual differences in mental imagery. Finally, key insights from Lang's experiments on training emotional response during imagery are discussed in relation to how specific techniques may be harnessed to enhance adaptive emotional mental imagery training in future research.
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If patients with anxiety disorders experience intense threat imagery, they might be too anxious or unwilling to confront feared stimuli, which could explain the low attrition rates in exposure therapy.
“If patients with anxiety disorders experience intense threat imagery, they might be too anxious [27, 28] or unwilling to confront feared stimuli [28–30], which could explain the low attrition rates in exposure therapy.”
From Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy or supportive counseling prior to exposure therapy in patients with panic disorder: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial (IMPROVE) (2023) · cites this paper as [29]
Section II reports distress and fear responses to feared imagery in some anxiety disorders, supporting the possibility that threat imagery can provoke anxiety. Sections IV and VII discuss fear responses during exposure therapy, but do not say that patients become unwilling to confront feared stimuli or that imagery explains attrition rates. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Ji, J. L., Heyes, S. B., MacLeod, C., & Holmes, E. A.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Holmes, Emily A.
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 702-719
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5112008
- OpenAlex
- W2192562988
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 5
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT088217)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Cambridge Trust
- Medical Research Council (MC-A060-5PR50)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- fear extinction, imagery training, cognitive behavioral therapy
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Humans, Imagination, Psychotherapy, Mental Recall, Imagery, Psychotherapy, Mood Disorders, History, 20th Century
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