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Characteristics, sources, and transport of aerosols measured in spring 2008 during the aerosol, radiation, and cloud processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) Project

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Brock, C. A., Cozic, J., Bahreini, R., Froyd, K. D., Middlebrook, A. M., McComiskey, A., Brioude, J., Cooper, O. R. +34 more·2011·Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
DOI 10.5194/acp-11-2423-2011

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Abstract

Abstract. We present an overview of the background, scientific goals, and execution of the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) project of April 2008. We then summarize airborne measurements, made in the troposphere of the Alaskan Arctic, of aerosol particle size distributions, composition, and optical properties and discuss the sources and transport of the aerosols. The aerosol data were grouped into four categories based on gas-phase composition. First, the background troposphere contained a relatively diffuse, sulfate-rich aerosol extending from the top of the sea-ice inversion layer to 7.4 km altitude. Second, a region of depleted (relative to the background) aerosol was present within the surface inversion layer over sea-ice. Third, layers of dense, organic-rich smoke from open biomass fires in southern Russia and southeastern Siberia were frequently encountered at all altitudes from the top of the inversion layer to 7.1 km. Finally, some aerosol layers were dominated by components originating from fossil fuel combustion. Of these four categories measured during ARCPAC, the diffuse background aerosol was most similar to the average springtime aerosol properties observed at a long-term monitoring site at Barrow, Alaska. The biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel layers were present above the sea-ice inversion layer and did not reach the sea-ice surface during the course of the ARCPAC measurements. The BB aerosol layers were highly scattering and were moderately hygroscopic. On average, the layers produced a noontime net heating of ~0.1 K day−1 between 3 and 7 km and a slight cooling at the surface. The ratios of particle mass to carbon monoxide (CO) in the BB plumes, which had been transported over distances >5000 km, were comparable to the high end of literature values derived from previous measurements in wildfire smoke. These ratios suggest minimal precipitation scavenging and removal of the BB particles between the time they were emitted and the time they were observed in dense layers above the sea-ice inversion layer.

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  • Submicron aerosol particles had average concentration of 371 cm-3 in that study.

    “The concentration of submicron aerosol particles had an average concentration of 371 cm -3 .”

    From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Brock et al., 2011

    Section 3.2.1 reports a mean particle number concentration of 371 cm⁻³ for background haze conditions, and Fig. 6a identifies the measure as submicron aerosol number concentration. The citing sentence omits the background-haze restriction, making the value sound like an average for the study as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • CO values in the WPBL (121-148 nmol mol-1) are slightly lower than those reported by Brock et al. (2011) (161 ± 8 nmol mol-1) but very similar to those reported by Kinase et al. (2025) (131 [107-150] nmol mol-1) at Poker Flat Research Range and by Whaley et al. (2023) at Utqiaġvik/Barrow (~140-150 nmol mol-1).

    “CO values in the WPBL (121-148 nmol mol -1 ) are overall slightly lower than those reported by Brock et al. (2011) (161 ± 8 nmol mol -1 ) but very similar to those reported by Kinase et al. (2025) (131 [107-150] nmol mol -1 ) at the Poker Flat Research Range, 30 km north of Fairbanks, and by Whaley et al. (2023) at Utqiaġvik/Barrow (∼ 140-150 nmol mol -1 ) (surface measurements).”

    From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Brock et al. (2011)

  • In April 2008, ARCPAC aircraft measured free-tropospheric background haze concentrations above northern Alaska.

    “In April 2008, during the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC) project, an aircraft measured the free-tropospheric background haze concentrations above northern Alaska (Brock et al., 2011).”

    From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Brock et al., 2011

  • LBL eBC concentration (56 ng m-3) is very similar to Brock et al. FT haze background (60 ng m-3) and Utqiaġvik/Barrow Jan-Feb median (58 ng m-3, 1992-2019).

    “For eBC, the concentration in the LBL (56 ng m -3 ) is very similar to what was reported by Brock et al. (2011) for the FT haze background (60 ng m -3 ) and at Utqiaġvik/Barrow for the months of January and February (58 ng m -3 , median value for the period 1992-2019) (Boyer et al., 2023;Schmale et al., 2022).”

    From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Brock et al., 2011

  • Higher concentrations reported by Brock et al. (2011) could be explained by natural heterogeneity of aerosol spatial and temporal distributions, as values were limited in time.

    “Note that the higher concentrations reported by Brock et al. (2011) could be explained by the natural heterogeneity of the aerosol spatial and temporal distributions, as the reported values were limited in time.”

    From In situ vertical observations of the layered structure of air pollution in a continental high-latitude urban boundary layer during winter (2025) · cites this paper as Brock et al. (2011)

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Cited by

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Authors
Brock, C. A., Cozic, J., Bahreini, R., Froyd, K. D., Middlebrook, A. M., McComiskey, A., Brioude, J., Cooper, O. R., Stohl, A., Aikin, K. C., de Gouw, J. A., Fahey, D. W., Ferrare, R. A., Gao, R.-S., Gore, W., Holloway, J. S., Hübler, G., Jefferson, A., Lack, D. A., Lance, S., Moore, R. H., Murphy, D. M., Nenes, A., Novelli, P. C., Nowak, J. B., Ogren, J. A., Peischl, J., Pierce, R. B., Pilewskie, P., Quinn, P. K., Ryerson, T. B., Schmidt, K. S., Schwarz, J. P., Sodemann, H., Spackman, J. R., Stark, H., Thomson, D. S., Thornberry, T., Veres, P., Watts, L. A., Warneke, C., & Wollny, A. G.
Affiliations
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US)
  • NILU (NO)
  • Langley Research Center (US)
  • Ames Research Center (US)
  • Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
ORCID
Venue
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2011-03-16
Volume
11
Issue
6
Pages
2423-2453
ISSN
  • 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
  • 1680-7324
DOI
10.5194/acp-11-2423-2011
OpenAlex
W2068115454
Cited by
251
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 23
FWCI
13.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Atmospheric chemistry and physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (CAREER)
  • U.S. Department of Energy
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX08AQ99G)
  • Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (119260)
  • Norges Forskningsråd
  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NA06OAR4310085, NA04OAR4310088)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric Ozone and Climate
Keywords
Arctic aerosols, biomass burning smoke, aerosol optical properties, hygroscopicity, particle size distribution, aerosol chemical composition, long-range transport, precipitation scavenging, Arctic Alaska

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