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Cited by 129Advanced Aircraft Design and TechnologiesAtmospheric aerosols and cloudsAtmospheric chemistry and aerosols

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Properties of individual contrails: a compilation of observations and some comparisons

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Schumann, Ulrich, Baumann, Robert, Baumgardner, Darrel, Bedka, Sarah T., Duda, David P., Freudenthaler, Volker, Gayet, Jean-Francois, Heymsfield, Andrew J., Minnis, Patrick, Quante, Markus, Raschke, Ehrhard, Schlager, Hans, Vázquez-Navarro, Margarita, Voigt, Christiane, Wang, Zhien·2017·Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
DOI 10.5194/acp-17-403-2017

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Abstract

Abstract. Mean properties of individual contrails are characterized for a wide range of jet aircraft as a function of age during their life cycle from seconds to 11.5 h (7.4–18.7 km altitude, −88 to −31 °C ambient temperature), based on a compilation of about 230 previous in situ and remote sensing measurements. The airborne, satellite, and ground-based observations encompass exhaust contrails from jet aircraft from 1972 onwards, as well as a few older data for propeller aircraft. The contrails are characterized by mean ice particle sizes and concentrations, extinction, ice water content, optical depth, geometrical depth, and contrail width. Integral contrail properties include the cross-section area and total number of ice particles, total ice water content, and total extinction (area integral of extinction) per contrail length. When known, the contrail-causing aircraft and ambient conditions are characterized. The individual datasets are briefly described, including a few new analyses performed for this study, and compiled together to form a contrail library (COLI). The data are compared with results of the Contrail Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) model. The observations confirm that the number of ice particles in contrails is controlled by the engine exhaust and the formation process in the jet phase, with some particle losses in the wake vortex phase, followed later by weak decreases with time. Contrail cross sections grow more quickly than expected from exhaust dilution. The cross-section-integrated extinction follows an algebraic approximation. The ratio of volume to effective mean radius decreases with time. The ice water content increases with increasing temperature, similar to non-contrail cirrus, while the equivalent relative humidity over ice saturation of the contrail ice mass increases at lower temperatures in the data. Several contrails were observed in warm air above the Schmidt–Appleman threshold temperature. The emission index of ice particles, i.e., the number of ice particles formed in the young contrail per burnt fuel mass, is estimated from the measured concentrations for estimated dilution; maximum values exceed 1015 kg−1. The dependence of the data on the observation methods is discussed. We find no obvious indication for significant contributions from spurious particles resulting from shattering of ice crystals on the microphysical probes.

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  • The estimate of Chen and Gettelman (2013) was corrected by redoing the CAM simulation using a lower ice crystal radius of 7 μm and a larger contrail cross-sectional area of 0.09 km2, leading to a radiative forcing of 57 mW m−2.

    “The estimate of Chen and Gettelman (2013) was corrected by redoing the CAM simulation using a lower ice crystal radius of 7 μ m and a larger contrail cross-sectional area of 0.09 km 2 for the initialization of contrails at an age of about 15 -20 min, in agreement with observations (Schumann et al., 2017). The resulting change in cirrus cloudiness including the adjustment in cloudiness due to the”

    From The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018 (2021) · cites this paper as Schumann et al., 2017

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Metadata

Authors
Schumann, U., Baumann, R., Baumgardner, D., Bedka, S. T., Duda, D. P., Freudenthaler, V., Gayet, J.-F., Heymsfield, A. J., Minnis, P., Quante, M., Raschke, E., Schlager, H., Vázquez-Navarro, M., Voigt, C., & Wang, Z.
Affiliations
  • Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR) (DE)
  • Droplet Measurement Technologies (United States) (US)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
  • NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research (US)
  • Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon (DE)
  • Universität Hamburg (DE)
  • Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
  • University of Wyoming (US)
Corresponding author
Schumann, Ulrich
ORCID
Venue
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2017-01-10
Volume
17
Issue
1
Pages
403-438
ISSN
  • 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
  • 1680-7324
DOI
10.5194/acp-17-403-2017
OpenAlex
W2519933371
Cited by
129
References
179
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4
FWCI
3.60
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Atmospheric chemistry and physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
  • Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Zentrum für Materialforschung und kustenforschung (The Helmholtz Center Geesthacht) (submittedVersion)
  • elib (German Aerospace Center) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Aircraft Design and Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric aerosols and clouds
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
Keywords
contrails, ice particle size distribution, ice water content, extinction, optical depth, ice particle concentration, emission indices, wake vortices, propeller-driven aircraft

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