Physical drivers of the nitrate seasonal variability in the Atlantic cold tongue

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mixed Rossby-gravity waves, inertia-gravity waves, and Kelvin waves are believed to contribute to cooling the Atlantic cold tongue through both northward advection of cold tongue water and vertical mixing, although no calculations of the heat budget were done.

“Mixed Rossby-gravity waves, inertia-gravity waves, and Kelvin waves are believed to contribute to cooling the Atlantic cold tongue through both northward advection of cold tongue water and vertical mixing (Houghton and Colin, 1987;Marin et al., 2009;Jouanno et al., 2013), although no calculations of the heat budget were done.”

• cites Houghton and Colin, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Marin et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jouanno et al., 2013 sourceDisputed

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Tropical instability waves dominate the intraseasonal variability in the western and central equatorial Atlantic, while wind-forced waves dominate in the east.

“no such study is available in the equatorial Atlantic where TIW dominate the intraseasonal variability in the western and central basins and wind forced waves dominate in the east (Athié and Marin, 2008).”

• cites Athié and Marin, 2008 sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.3 identifies TIW-period variability in the central basin, and the Summary and Conclusion (§6) describes an eastern equatorial 15-day SST signal locally forced by wind stress. But §3.3 attributes the dominant variability west of 30°W to North Equatorial Countercurrent meanders rather than TIWs, so the claim overextends TIW dominance to the western basin. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

A semiannual cycle of surface chlorophyll exists in the Atlantic cold tongue, with a primary bloom in July-August between 20°W and 5°W and a shorter, weaker secondary bloom in December.

“Ocean color observations show semiannual variations of chlorophyll in the Atlantic cold tongue with a main bloom in boreal summer and a secondary bloom in December.”

• Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain

  “Nevertheless, a semiannual cycle of surface chlorophyll emerges as illustrated by the ocean color archive for the period 1998-2016 (Fig. 1a).”

• cites Perez et al., 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Grodsky et al., 2008 sourceSupported
• cites Jouanno et al., 2011aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The decomposition method used to separate advection terms has been used to estimate the eddy contribution to SST budget in the Pacific mixed layer and oxygen advection in the Arabian Sea.

“Such decomposition has been used to estimate the eddy contribution to SST budget in the Pacific mixed layer (Vialard et al., 2001) and oxygen advection in the Arabian Sea (Resplandy et al., 2012).”

• cites Vialard et al., 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Resplandy et al., 2012 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

The simulated nitrate concentration at ZEUC is less than 2 μmol l -1 in spring and rises to nearly 9 μmol l -1 in August, in agreement with observations at 4° W.

“The 235 simulated nitrate concentration at ZEUC (not shown) is less than 2 µmol l -1 in spring and rises to nearly 9 µmol l -1 in August, in agreement with observations at 4° W (Oudot and Morin, 1987).”

• cites Oudot and Morin, 1987Partly supported

  The “SEASONAL VARIABILITY—Surface” section reports that nitrate at 4°W increased between April and August, supporting the claimed seasonal pattern. It does not report concentrations at ZEUC or the stated values of less than 2 and nearly 9 µmol l⁻¹; its surface observations are less than 0.1 in the warm season and more than 2 in the cold season, with a maximum exceeding 6. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

East of 10° E, the impacts of wind forced equatorial waves superimpose at different frequencies: Kelvin waves at periods between 25 and 40 days, mixed Rossby-gravity waves between 15 and 20 days, and inertia-gravity waves between 5 and 11 days.

“East of 10° E, the impacts of wind forced equatorial waves superimpose at different frequencies (Houghton and Colin, 1987;Athié et al., 2008;de Coëtlogon et al., 2010;Jouanno et al., 2013;Herbert and Bourlès, 2018): Kelvin waves at periods between 25 and 40 days, mixed Rossby-gravity waves between 15 and 20 days, and inertia-gravity waves between 5 and 11 days.”

• cites Houghton and Colin, 1987 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Athié et al., 2008 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (§1, paragraphs 2 and 8; page unavailable) describes wind-forced variability near 15 days and relates 10–20-day variability to mixed Rossby–gravity waves. The dominant-period analysis (§3.3, paragraph 30) finds overlapping 10–20-day and 25–50-day signals along the equator, but does not identify the longer-period signal as Kelvin waves. Our copy does not support the claimed 5–11-day inertia–gravity waves or locate this combination east of 10°E. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites de Coëtlogon et al., 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

One reason the conclusion on the nature of intraseasonal processes affecting the nitrate budget east of 10° W is not straightforward could be that the low frequency signal captures part of the Kelvin wave induced variability as there is no sharp cutoff at 30 days in the spectrum of Kelvin waves.

“One reason could be that the low frequency signal captures part of the Kelvin wave induced variability as there is no sharp cutoff at 30 days in the spectrum of Kelvin waves (Athié and Marin, 2008;Athié et al., 2009;Jouanno et al., 2013).”

• cites Athié and Marin, 2008 sourceCould not verify

  Section 3.3 reports SST variability east of 10°W in 10–20-day and 25–50-day bands, but does not identify it as Kelvin-wave variability. Searches for Kelvin waves and a 30-day spectral cutoff found no passage addressing whether lower-frequency signals capture Kelvin-wave variability; the paper also does not address the nitrate budget. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Athié et al., 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jouanno et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This differs from the overall warming contribution of TIW to the SST budget of the equatorial Pacific cold tongue showed by Menkes et al. (2006).

“It differs from the overall warming contribution of TIW to the SST budget of the equatorial Pacific cold tongue showed by Menkes et al. (2006).”

• cites Menkes et al. (2006) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ding et al. (2009) put forward the presence of a basin mode that explains semiannual changes of SSH gradient.

“Ding et al. (2009) put forward the presence of a basin mode that explains semiannual changes of SSH gradient.”

• cites Ding et al. (2009) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Menkes et al. (2006) found that TIW vertical advection was low and that the TIW effect was to warm the Pacific cold tongue in the upper 200 m.

“However, Menkes et al. (2006) found that the TIW vertical advection was low and that the TIW effect was to warm the Pacific cold tongue in the upper 200 m.”

• cites Menkes et al. (2006) sourcePartly supported

  Section 5 reports that TIW-induced vertical advection is small in the mixed layer and that TIWs warm that layer. It also reports stronger vertical-advection cooling at 30–100 m and some net cooling at 50–130 m farther north. The paper therefore does not support describing vertical advection as low, or the TIW effect as warming, throughout the upper 200 m. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Because the horizontal and vertical patterns of temperature and nitrate in a tropical instability vortex are close, advection of nitrate anomaly by eddy zonal and meridional currents could drive nitrate losses by eddy zonal and meridional advection in the same way as advection of anomalous temperature by anomalous currents drives mixed layer warming close to the equator.

“As the horizontal and vertical patterns of temperature and nitrate in a tropical instability vortex are close (Menkes et al., 2002), the advection of nitrate anomaly by eddy zonal and meridional currents could drive nitrate losses by eddy zonal and meridional advection in the same way as the advection of anomalous temperature by anomalous currents drives a mixed layer warming close to the equator.”

• cites Menkes et al., 2002 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

In the equatorial zone, the model nitrate is slightly overestimated (less than 1 μmol l -1 ) above the 5 μmol l -1 nitrate isoline and slightly underestimated (about 1 μmol l -1 ) below.

“In the equatorial zone, the model nitrate is slightly overestimated (less than 1 µmol l -1 ) above the 5 µmol l -1 nitrate isoline (which is close to the 20° C isotherm depth) and 220 slightly underestimated (about 1 µmol l -1 ) below.”

May combine two claims.

Four phases emerge from the nitrate seasonal evolution in the mixed layer of the central equatorial Atlantic: an increase between April and July, a decrease between August and October, a rapid increase in November, and a secondary decrease starting in December.

“Four phases emerge from the nitrate seasonal evolution in the mixed layer of the central equatorial Atlantic: a nitrate 255 increase between April and July, a decrease between August and October, a rapid increase in November, and a secondary decrease starting in December (Fig. 5b).”

May combine two claims.

The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is located in the upper nitracline and intensifies between 5° S and 2° N.

“The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is located in the upper nitracline and intensifies between 5° S and 2° N.”

May combine two claims.

During the warm and low productive season, the low chlorophyll and nitrate depleted layer extends from the surface to 30 m between 1° N and 5° S and deepens southward.

“During the warm and low productive season, the low chlorophyll (Fig. 2b) and nitrate depleted (Fig. 2a) layer extends from the surface to 30 m between 1° N and 5° S and deepens southward.”

May combine two claims.

Seasonal variations of the depth of the EUC core are small while the thermocline depth shows larger vertical movements.

“Seasonal variations of the depth of the EUC core are small while the thermocline depth shows larger 150 vertical movements.”

May combine two claims.

The DCM is located near the thermocline core between 50 and 60 m in spring, raises toward the surface at the same time as the thermocline core in summer, sinks in early fall, and raises again in November.

“It is located near the thermocline core between 50 and 60 m in spring, raises toward the surface at the same time than the thermocline core in summer, sinks in early fall, and raises again in November.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The model surface chlorophyll is slightly higher than observed east of the equatorial chlorophyll maximum.

“The model surface chlorophyll is also slightly higher than observed east of the equatorial chlorophyll maximum.”

May combine two claims.

Both vertical advection and vertical diffusion contribute to nitrate inputs in the mixed layer.

“Unlike the negligible contribution of vertical advection in the temperature budget in the mixed layer of the equatorial Atlantic (Jouanno et al., 2011b), both vertical advection (Fig. 5e) and vertical diffusion (Fig. 5f) contribute to nitrate inputs in the mixed layer.”

• cites Jouanno et al., 2011bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Off the equator, meridional advection acts to spread the upwelled nitrate-rich water poleward along the northern boundary of the nitrate-rich patch and, to a lesser extent, along the southern boundary where the nitrate gradient is weaker.

“Off the equator, meridional advection acts to spread the upwelled nitrate rich water poleward along the northern boundary of the nitrate rich patch and, to a lesser extent, along the southern boundary where the nitrate gradient is weaker.”

May combine two claims.

During the cold and productive season, the nitracline is uplifted and nitrate reaches the surface.

“During the cold and productive season, the nitracline is uplifted and nitrate reaches the surface (Fig. 2c).”

May combine two claims.

Results are close to the distributions during the cold and warm seasons described along 4° W in the 70s and 80s and along 10° W during the June and September 2005 EGEE cruises.

“Results are close to the distributions during the cold and warm seasons described along 4° W in the 70s and 80s (Voituriez and Herbland, 1977;Oudot, 1983;Monger et al., 135 1997) and along 10° W during the June and September 2005 EGEE cruises (Nubi et al., 2016).”

• cites Voituriez and Herbland, 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Oudot, 1983Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Monger et al., 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The surface chlorophyll values are the largest in the 20° W-5° W, 1.5° S-0.5° N region.

“We focus on the 20° W-5° W, 1.5° S-0.5° N region where the surface chlorophyll values are the largest.”

May combine two claims.

Surface chlorophyll is at its minimum in spring and a secondary minimum occurs in October.

“The surface chlorophyll is at its minimum in spring and a secondary minimum occurs in October.”

May combine two claims.

The thermocline is about 20 m below the EUC core in April and about 30 m above in August.

“The thermocline is about 20 m below the EUC core in April and about 30 m above in August, leading to variations in the properties of the EUC water.”

May combine two claims.

The scenario leading to the December secondary nitrate maximum in the mixed layer is close to the boreal summer nitrate evolution, except that the duration of the processes is shorter (about one month long), their magnitudes are weaker, and they span a narrower longitudinal range.

“The scenario leading to the December secondary nitrate maximum in the mixed layer is close to the boreal summer nitrate evolution, except that the duration of the processes is shorter (about one month long), their magnitudes are weaker, and they span a narrower longitudinal range (Fig. 5).”

May combine two claims.

In July, nitrate supply to the mixed layer by physical processes and nitrate uptake are at their maximum.

“In Fig. 6, we show the regional distribution of the different terms of the nitrate balance in July, when the nitrate supply to the mixed layer by physical processes and nitrate uptake are at their maximum.”

May combine two claims.

Chlorophyll maximum and SST minimum are found in July-August and in December.

“chlorophyll maximum and SST minimum are found in July-August and in December.”

May combine two claims.

Advection of nitrate-poor water from the east and meridional advection counteract the vertical nitrate supply near the equator.

“Advection of nitrate poor water from the east (Fig. 6c) and meridional advection (Fig. 6d) counteract the vertical nitrate supply near the equator.”

May combine two claims.

The minimum SST and maximum surface chlorophyll coincide and are located south of the equator between 20° W and 5° W.

“The minimum SST and maximum surface chlorophyll coincide and are located south of the equator between 20° W and 5° W.”

May combine two claims.

In August-September, physical processes drive reduced nitrate supply in the upper part of the euphotic layer and nitrate removal in its deeper part.

“At that time of the year, physical processes drive reduced nitrate supply in the upper part of the euphotic layer and nitrate removal in its deeper part (Fig. 7i).”

May combine two claims.

Meridional advection is a weak source of nitrate in the mixed layer while it significantly contributes to the nitrate decrease below.

“Meridional advection is a weak source of nitrate in the mixed layer while it significantly contributes to the nitrate decrease below (Fig. 7d).”

May combine two claims.

Both low-frequency and eddy advections contribute to the nitrate supply through vertical advection, especially in the upper EUC between June and December.

“Both the low frequency (Fig. 8c) and eddy (Fig. 8f) advections contribute to the nitrate supply through vertical advection, especially in the upper EUC between June and December.”

May combine two claims.

Horizontal advection drives the strong nitrate loss in August-September and the lesser one in December-January when the contributions of both zonal and meridional advections are the largest.

“It drives the strong nitrate loss in August-September and the lesser one in December-January (Fig. 7b) when the contributions of both zonal (Fig. 7c) and meridional (Fig. 7d) advections are the largest.”

May combine two claims.

The depth of the thermocline and associated nitracline varies from 60 m in spring to about 20 m in July-August while the upwelling core remains in the upper part of the EUC, at 20-30 m, all year long.

“It conditions the depth of the thermocline and associated nitracline that varies from 60 m in spring to 360 about 20 m in July-August while the upwelling core remains in the upper part of the EUC, at 20-30 m, all year long (Fig. 4e).”

May combine two claims.

Nitrate is consumed by biological activity in the euphotic layer and remineralized below.

“In contrast, nitrate is consumed by the biological activity in the euphotic layer and remineralized below.”

May combine two claims.

Physical processes mostly bring nitrate into the euphotic layer with maximum input in the mixed layer in May-August and below the mixed layer in November.

“Physical processes mostly bring 310 nitrate into the euphotic layer with maximum input in the mixed layer in May-August and below the mixed layer in November.”

May combine two claims.

The maximum vertical advection is located near the layer of maximum vertical nitrate gradient, close to the depth of the 20° C isotherm, and it occurs when the vertical velocity is strong (July and November).

“The maximum vertical advection is located near the layer of maximum vertical nitrate gradient, close to the depth of the 20° C isotherm, and it occurs when the vertical velocity is strong 325 (July and November).”

May combine two claims.

Biological losses prevail over physical supply in August-October and in December-January.

“During the short second peak in November; biological losses prevail over physical supply in August-October and in December-January.”

May combine two claims.

Vertical advection drives the main nitrate increase in May-July and the secondary one in November when easterly winds strengthen.

“It drives the main nitrate increase in May-July and the secondary one in November when easterly winds strengthen.”

May combine two claims.

In between, nitrate is removed by horizontal advection in August-September and during the secondary loss event in December-January.

“In between, nitrate is removed by horizontal advection in August-September and during the secondary loss event in December-January.”

May combine two claims.

The model reproduces the horizontal and vertical patterns of chlorophyll observed in the studied area and its semiannual cycle.

“The model reproduces the horizontal and vertical patterns of chlorophyll observed in the studied area and its semiannual cycle.”

May combine two claims.

The main nitrate supply period occurs from May to July and a secondary supply also occurs in November.

“The main supply period occurs from May to July and a secondary supply also occurs in November.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The more elevated surface chlorophyll concentrations are found in the 20° W-5° W, 1.5° S-0.5° N zone.

“The more elevated surface chlorophyll concentrations are found in the 20° W-5° W, 1.5° S-0.5° N zone”

May combine two claims.

The depths of the 20°C isotherm (Z20) and of the EUC core (ZEUC) are 12 and 16 m shallower.

“The depths of the 20° C isotherm (Z20) and of the EUC core (ZEUC) are 12 and 16 m shallower”

May combine two claims.

The results show how thermocline and nitracline uplift affects the zonal nitrate gradient in the EUC and so influences nitrate removal by horizontal advection and then vertical supply.

“Our results show how the thermocline and nitracline uplift affects the zonal nitrate gradient in the EUC and so, how it influences nitrate removal by horizontal advection and then vertical supply.”

May combine two claims.

East of 10° W, nitrate removal through eddy horizontal advection is driven by eddy zonal advection while eddy meridional advection strongly decreases.

“East of 10° W, the nitrate removal through eddy horizontal advection is driven by eddy zonal advection while eddy meridional advection strongly decreases (not shown).”

May combine two claims.

On an annual average, nitrate is supplied by intraseasonal advection because eddy induced vertical advection exceeds horizontal advection.

“On an annual average, nitrate is supplied by intraseasonal advection because eddy induced vertical advection exceeds horizontal advection.”

May combine two claims.

The amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycles of modeled temperature and zonal current compare well, although the simulated temperature and current vertical structures are too shallow.

“The amplitude and phase of the seasonal cycles of modeled temperature and zonal current compare well, although the simulated temperature and current vertical structures are too shallow.”

May combine two claims.

The results suggest that eddy horizontal advection acts to remove nitrate while eddy vertical advection feeds both the mixed and euphotic layers with nitrate.

“Our results suggest that eddy horizontal advection acts to remove nitrate while eddy vertical advection feeds both the mixed and euphotic layers with nitrate.”

May combine two claims.

In this simulation, nitrate loss in the mixed layer west of 10° W is driven by eddy meridional advection and by eddy zonal advection to a lesser extent.

“In this simulation, nitrate loss in the mixed layer west of 10° W is driven by eddy meridional advection and by eddy zonal advection to a lesser extent (not shown).”

May combine two claims.

Intraseasonal advection represents about 35% of the advective nitrate input in the mixed layer and about 45% in the euphotic layer in the central equatorial Atlantic.

“It represents a significant contribution to the nitrate budget in the central equatorial Atlantic: about 440 35% of the advective nitrate input in the mixed layer and about 45% in the euphotic layer.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Cruise sampling prevents studying an entire seasonal cycle.

“Because cruise sampling prevents from studying an entire seasonal cycle, a coupled physical-biogeochemical simulation is used to complement the nitrate and chlorophyll seasonal cycles and to investigate the processes driving this seasonality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are large interannual fluctuations of the equatorial productivity.

“This suggests large interannual fluctuations of the equatorial productivity.”

• cites Monger et al., 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Signorini et al., 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In the equatorial Atlantic, summer and fall are cool, productive seasons characterized by efficient vertical processes that bring cold, nitrate-rich water supporting phytoplankton growth in the euphotic layer.

“ii) a cool and productive season in summer 30 and fall characterized by efficient vertical processes that bring cold and nitrate rich water supporting the phytoplankton growth in the euphotic layer.”

• cites Hisard, 1973Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Voituriez and Herbland, 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Previous studies have shown that vertical processes (equatorial divergence, vertical mixing, and vertical motion of the nitracline) are involved in setting the seasonal cycles of surface nitrate and chlorophyll.

“Previous studies have shown that vertical processes (equatorial divergence, vertical mixing, and vertical 90 motion of the nitracline) are involved in setting the seasonal cycles of surface nitrate and chlorophyll.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Atlantic equatorial upwelling is a region of enhanced biological production mainly driven by nitrate supply.

“The Atlantic equatorial upwelling is a region of enhanced biological production mainly driven by nitrate supply (Voituriez and Herbland, 1977;Loukos and Mémery, 1999).”

• cites Voituriez and Herbland, 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Loukos and Mémery, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Few model-based studies have addressed the influence of ocean dynamics variability on nutrient variability in the equatorial Atlantic.

“Few model based studies have addressed the influence of the ocean dynamics variability on the nutrient variability in the equatorial Atlantic.”

May combine two claims.

In the equatorial Atlantic, winter and spring are warm, low-productive seasons with a nitrate-depleted surface layer and a chlorophyll maximum near the top of the nitracline.

“i) a warm and low productive season in winter and spring with a nitrate depleted surface layer and a chlorophyll maximum located near the top of the nitracline”

• cites Hisard, 1973Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Voituriez and Herbland, 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The location of the thermocline/nitracline relative to the EUC depth impacts the efficiency of the upwelling.

“Previous studies have shown that the location of the thermocline/nitracline relative to the EUC depth impacted the efficiency of the upwelling (Monger et al., 1997;Christian and Murtugudde, 2003).”

• cites Monger et al., 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Christian and Murtugudde, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The short spinup of the model is justified by the fast adjustment of the equatorial dynamics and the main focus of the study on upper ocean variability.

“Such short spinup is justified by the fast adjustment of the equatorial dynamics and the main focus of the study which is on the upper ocean variability.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Seasonal variations of chlorophyll in the equatorial Atlantic are primarily related to seasonal variability of nitrate input.

“In the equatorial Atlantic, the seasonal variations of chlorophyll are thought to be primarily related to seasonal variability of the nitrate input (Voituriez and Herbland, 1977;Loukos and Mémery, 1999).”

• cites Voituriez and Herbland, 1977Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Loukos and Mémery, 1999 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Waters are transported westward, feed the North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC) and are entrained within the North Brazil Current retroflection before entering the EUC.

“Waters are transported westward, feed the North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC) and are entrained within the North 350 Brazil Current retroflection before entering the EUC.”

May combine two claims.

Acceleration of the SEC increases the vertical shear with the EUC and, in turn, increases the vertical mixing in the mixed layer.

“Vertical advection of nitrate rich water at the base of the mixed layer favors the intensified vertical diffusion in summer and November-December (Fig. 7g), with an acceleration of the SEC which increases the vertical shear with the EUC and, in turn, increases the vertical mixing in the mixed layer (Jouanno et al., 2011b).”

• cites Jouanno et al., 2011bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Variations of nitrate concentration in the source waters of the NBUC may be another driver of nitrate variations in the EUC and may impact nitrate changes in the center of the basin.

“the nitrate concentration in the source waters of the NBUC may be another driver of nitrate variations in the EUC as suggested by White (2015)”

• Also stated in: § 6. Conclusion · hedged

  “Changes of the nitrate concentration in the source water within the NBUC may also impact nitrate changes in the center of the basin.”

• cites White (2015) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Nitrate removal by zonal advection in the EUC contributes to decrease the vertical nitrate gradient, which, associated with a reduced vertical velocity, leads to moderate vertical nitrate supply in August-September.

“Nitrate removal by zonal advection in the EUC contributes to decrease the vertical nitrate gradient, which, associated with a reduced vertical velocity, leads to 370 moderate vertical nitrate supply in August-September.”

May combine two claims.

The seasonal nitrate supply in the center of the equatorial Atlantic is supported by vertical processes and strongly modulated by losses through horizontal advection in the EUC linked to the semiannual thermocline uplift of the nitracline.

“The seasonal nitrate supply in the center of the equatorial Atlantic is supported by vertical processes and strongly modulated by losses through horizontal advection in the EUC linked to the semiannual thermocline uplift of the nitracline.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The 20° W-5° W, 1.5° S-0.5° N zone is affected by TIW and Kelvin waves in the 20-50 day period range, and by mixed Rossby-gravity and inertia-gravity waves at higher frequency.

“which is affected by TIW and Kelvin waves in the 20-50 day period range, and by mixed Rossby-gravity and inertia-gravity waves at higher frequency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Strutton et al. (2001) show that chlorophyll increases because of enhanced upwelling.

“while Strutton et al. (2001) show that chlorophyll increases because of enhanced upwelling.”

• cites Strutton et al. (2001) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

As far as horizontal eddy advection is concerned, the warming effect of zonal and meridional advections in the Pacific is consistent with the nitrate removal by zonal and meridional advections in the Atlantic.

“As far as horizontal eddy advection is concerned, the warming effect of zonal and meridional advections in the Pacific is consistent with the nitrate removal by zonal and meridional advections in the Atlantic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Drawing an analogy between temperature and nitrate, the nitrate decrease through zonal advection could be attributed to Kelvin waves.

“Drawing again an analogy between temperature and nitrate, the nitrate decrease through zonal advection could be attributed to Kelvin waves.”

May combine two claims.

In May-July and November, the vertical velocity is strong and the nitracline gets closer to the upwelling core, allowing vertical advection to increase.

“In May-July and November, the vertical velocity is strong and the nitracline gets closer to the upwelling core, allowing vertical advection to increase.”

May combine two claims.

This warming contribution reflects the impact of horizontal advection as TIW induced vertical advection is negligible.

“This warming contribution reflects the impact of horizontal advection as TIW induced vertical advection is negligible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The impact of TIW on biological production is debated, at least in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

“As for the heat budget, the impact of TIW on biological production is debated, at least in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.”

Not yet classified.

Gorgues et al. (2005) show that the effect of TIW is to lower the chlorophyll concentration near the equator because iron loss through horizontal advection exceeds iron supply by vertical advection.

“Gorgues et al. (2005) show that the effect of TIW is to lower the chlorophyll concentration near the equator because of the iron loss through horizontal advection exceeds iron supply by vertical advection”

• cites Gorgues et al. (2005) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the upper 20 m of the equatorial Atlantic, the annual meridional advective heat flux associated with TIW was nearly offset by the vertical advective heat flux.

“Considering the upper 20 m in the equatorial Atlantic, Jochum et al. (2004) found that the annual meridional advective heat flux associated with TIW was nearly offset by the vertical advective heat flux.”

• cites Jochum et al. (2004) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Several intraseasonal processes should contribute to the seasonal nitrate loss through eddy horizontal advection and nitrate input through eddy vertical advection in the mixed layer and in the euphotic layer in the 20° W-5° W, 1.5° S-0.5° N region.

“Several intraseasonal processes should contribute to the seasonal nitrate loss through eddy horizontal advection and nitrate input through eddy vertical advection in the mixed layer and in the euphotic layer in the 20° W-5° W, 1.5° S-0.5° N region.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Another reason would be related to the different distribution of temperature and nitrate in the mixed layer because the nitrate concentration rapidly drops to zero east of 10° W while a temperature gradient persists in this simulation.

“Another reason would be related to the different distribution of temperature and nitrate in the mixed 435 layer because the nitrate concentration rapidly drops to zero east of 10° W while a temperature gradient persists in this simulation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Pacific Ocean, the compensation between TIW horizontal and vertical heat advection in the mixed layer was suggested by Vialard et al. (2001).

“In the Pacific Ocean, the compensation between the TIW horizontal and vertical heat advection in 395 the mixed layer was also suggested by Vialard et al. (2001).”

• cites Vialard et al. (2001) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source