The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Explaining Bias against Black Leaders: Integrating Theory on Information Processing and Goal-Based Stereotyping
Abstract
Approaches related to inference-based processing (e.g., romance-of-leadership theory) would suggest that black leaders are evaluated positively after success. In contrast, approaches related to recognition-based processing (e.g., leader categorization theory) would suggest that, because of stereotyping, black leaders are evaluated negatively regardless of their performance. To reconcile this discrepancy, we predicted that evaluators would engage in goal-based stereotyping by perceiving that black leaders—and not white leaders—fail because of negative leader-based attributes and succeed because of positive nonleader attributes (i.e., compensatory stereotypes). Multilevel analyses of archival data in the context of college football in the United States supported our predictions.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, unlike the research examining gender and leadership, research into minority leaders is scant although it is increasing (Carton & Rosette, 2011).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Carton & Rosette, 2011
Citations
Cites
Building Theories from Case Study Research
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258557 · Cited by 17,455
Filders, R. (1992) · International Journal of Forecasting · doi:10.1016/0169-2070(92)90130-2 · Cited by 16,765
Research in Organizational Behavior
Hammer, E. R., Cummings, L. L., & Staw, B. M. (1984) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258300 · Cited by 11,176
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions.
Everitt, B. S., & Fleiss, J. L. (1981) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2530193 · Cited by 9,034
Statistical Methods for Psychology.
Gudgeon, A. C., & Howell, D. C. (1994) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series D (The Statistician) · doi:10.2307/2348956 · Cited by 8,277
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878 · Cited by 7,364
(1999) · Cited by 6,104
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
Administrative Science Quarterly
Miewald, R. D. (1981) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/027507408101500109 · Cited by 3,806
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, 2nd ed
GROVE, W. A. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.12.1644-a · Cited by 3,756
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Alliance Board for Diversity, 2005, Women and minorities on Fortune 100 boards
- Corporate Board Initiative, 2006, 2005 update on the Committee of 100's Asian & Asian Pacific American (APA) corporate board report card
- Eisenhardt K. M, 1989, Academy of Management Review, 14, 532, 10.5465/amr.1989.4308385 · DOI · Paper page
- Hofmann D. A., 2000, Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations, 467
- Kunda Z., 2003, Motivated social perception: The Ontario Symposium, 9, 1
- Smith C. P, 2000, Handbook of research methods in social and personality, 313
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–138 of 138
Border Struggle: Invisible [Hi]story of the Other in Management/Organization Studies
Imas, J. M. (2023) · New perspectives in organizational communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22993-0_9 · Cited by 1
Sun, K. Q., Slepian, M. L., & Akinola, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320836 · Cited by 1
Holmes, O. (2013) · W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library Manuscript Collections · Cited by 1
Ma, E., Baker, M. A., Kim, Y. S., & Kim, K. (2023) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/19389655231214708 · Cited by 1
Gündemir, S. (2015) · Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) · Cited by 1
(2014) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840614534386a · Cited by 1
Does Wall Street Discriminate by Race? Evidence from Analyst Target PricesPreprint
Rupar, K. K., Wang, S. H., & Yoon, H. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3991111 · Cited by 1
(2014) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840614556915b · Cited by 1
IT STEREOTYPING AND THE CEO -CIO HEADLOCK Research-in-Progress
González, P. A., McKeen, J. D., & Tu, Z. (2012)
Chief Information Officer (CIO) Stereotyping: Content, Bias, and Impact.
González, P. A. (2014) · QSpace (Queen's University Library)
Kim, K. Y. (2020) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Spoelma, T. M. (2018) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Three Essays on Ethical Corporate Behavior
Kumar, S. (2020) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
The Evolving Development of Minority Partners at Big Law Firms: A Critical Incident Study
Davis-Cleary, A. (2022) · Journal of Leadership Accountability and Ethics · doi:10.33423/jlae.v19i1.5047
(2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000347.supp
(2014) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840614532068c
(2015) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840614559259b
The Cost of Success for BRMI Leaders
Ezenwa, H. (2022) · Advances in public policy and administration (APPA) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-2314-1_314623
Dickerson, K. C. (2023) · Advances in human resources management and organizational development book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-8790-7.ch009
What Do Celebrity CEOs Look Like?
Ekanayake, U. I. K., & Heyden, M. L. M. (2024) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780192897114.013.6
Gender and Racial Disparities in Promotion in the Executive Labor MarketPreprint
Bao, D., & Yoon, J. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4820062
Chandrasena, S., Jayasekera, R., & Burinskas, A. (2026) · Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting · doi:10.1007/s11156-026-01521-w
Diverging Perceptions of Emotional Black and White Female Leaders
Briggs, M. (2022) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1944212
Managing Team Diversity Through Leadership
Buengeler, C., Reinert, C., & Daldrop, C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-69308-3_11 · Cited by 1
Li, J. B., & Piezunka, H. (2025) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.70014
It’S Not Just About Representation
Cheng, S. K., Bilotta, I., Lu, B., & King, E. B. (2021) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-666-920251005
Mixed Blessings: Black Women Leading Through the Lens of Whiteness
Showunmi, V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05973-4_9
Transforming Racial Microaggressions Into Leader Identity Development Through Self-Narratives
Kea-Edwards, A., & Reichard, R. J. (2022) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-843-420251006
Aikawa, S. M., Pietri, E. S., Floyd, N., & Park, B. (2026) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302261417969
Transference and interrupted transference: How a predecessor affects female senior manager dismissal
Wangrow, D. B., Kolev, K. D., & Robichaud, C. W. (2026) · Strategic Organization · doi:10.1177/14761270261455339
A Systematic Review of Empirical Data from Behavior Analysis on Anti-Black Bias
Passarelli, D. A., Mizael, T. M., & de Rose, J. C. (2026) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-026-00506-3
Kang, B., Salaga, S., & Kwak, D. H. (2026) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2026.116348
Comparing apples with apples: the performance of state-and privately owned Chinese football clubs
Arnoldi, J., Villadsen, A. R., & Wulff, J. N. (2026) · Asian Business & Management · doi:10.1057/s41291-026-00330-2
Harrell, A., & Traeger, M. L. (2026) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2026.104969
Perceptions of Professional Misconduct: Examining the Influence of Race and Gender of the Accused
Fraser, B. M., Pica, E., Pozzulo, J., & Hildenbrand, A. (2026) · Race and Social Problems · doi:10.1007/s12552-026-09512-1
Toward a Framework of Social Marginalization: An Integrative Review and Research Agenda
Preston, M. C., & Kim, Y. L. (2026) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2025.0093
Against Racial Stacking: The Evolution of the Black Quarterback in American Football
Ross, M. (2024) · Critical Debates in Humanities Science and Global Justice · doi:10.68709/001c.124041
Metadata
- Authors
- Carton, A. M., & Rosette, A. S.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Academy of Management Journal
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1141-1158
- ISSN
- 0001-4273 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-0989
- OpenAlex
- W2047151391
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 16.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sports, Gender, and Society
- Keywords
- information processing, leader evaluation, college football coaches, racial stereotypes, performance evaluation (human resources)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
