The White standard: racial bias in leader categorization

Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby; Leonardelli, Geoffrey J.; Phillips, Katherine W.

doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.758

Cited by 494Social and Intergroup PsychologyGender Diversity and InequalityNames, Identity, and Discrimination Research

The White standard: racial bias in leader categorization

Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby, Leonardelli, Geoffrey J., Phillips, Katherine W.·2008·Journal of Applied Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.758

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Abstract

In 4 experiments, the authors investigated whether race is perceived to be part of the business leader prototype and, if so, whether it could explain differences in evaluations of White and non-White leaders. The first 2 studies revealed that "being White" is perceived to be an attribute of the business leader prototype, where participants assumed that business leaders more than nonleaders were White, and this inference occurred regardless of base rates about the organization's racial composition (Study 1), the racial composition of organizational roles, the business industry, and the types of racial minority groups in the organization (Study 2). The final 2 studies revealed that a leader categorization explanation could best account for differences in White and non-White leader evaluations, where White targets were evaluated as more effective leaders (Study 3) and as having more leadership potential (Study 4), but only when the leader had recently been given credit for organizational success, consistent with the prediction that leader prototypes are more likely to be used when they confirm and reinforce individualized information about a leader's performance. The results demonstrate a connection between leader race and leadership categorization.

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Leadership has a White standard in addition to a masculinity standard.
“For example, in addition to having a masculinity standard, leadership also has a White standard.”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Rosette, Leonardelli, & Phillips, 2008
Being White is a central component of the leader prototype in America.
“Namely, being White has been shown to be a central component of the leader prototype in America (Rosette, Leonardelli, & Phillips, 2008).”
From Managing to clear the air: Stereotype threat, women, and leadership (2016) · cites this paper as Rosette, Leonardelli, & Phillips, 2008

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ON THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF PERCEPTUAL AND SEMANTIC CATEGORIES11This research was supported in part by a grant to the author (under her former name, Eleanor Rosch Heider) from the Foundations Fund for Research in Psychiatry # G67-392, in part by funds made available to the Child Study Center of Brown University from the Grant Foundation and from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, National Collaborative Project (Ph-43-68-13), and in part by research funds made available by the University of California at Berkeley (220 Grant #K9PF-429). I wish to thank Karl G. Heider for his help in the field in West Irian (Indonesian New Guinea), Dr. Robert Olton for assistance in carrying out Experiment 3, and Keith Burton, Randy Street, and Peter Lewitt who assisted with Experiment 4. Experiment 4 was performed with Dr. Richard Millward while the author was a research associate at Brown University.
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Do you remember? Rater memory systems and leadership measurement
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Authors: Rosette, A. S., Leonardelli, G. J., & Phillips, K. W.
Affiliations: Duke University (US)
University of Toronto (CA)
Northwestern University (US)
ORCID: Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby
Leonardelli, Geoffrey J.
Phillips, Katherine W.
Venue: Journal of Applied Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 93
Issue: 4
Pages: 758-777
ISSN: 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
1939-1854
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.758
OpenAlex: W1983478891
Cited by: 494
References: 112
Citations by year: 2026: 28 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 16
FWCI: 39.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Diversity and Inequality
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
Keywords: racial bias, leader evaluation, leadership effectiveness, leadership potential, racial stereotypes, organizational success, personalized information
MeSH terms: Asian, Ethnicity, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Leadership, Male, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Black People, White People

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The White standard: racial bias in leader categorization

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