The DOI matches its Crossref record; 173 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Leadership Styles: A Comprehensive Assessment and Way Forward
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“These authors argue that relations between these leadership measures and outcomes are plagued by causal indeterminacy because it is not clear if intentions, behaviors, or effects are the main causal determinants.”
From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023
In the citing paper
“Fischer and Sitkin (2023) extended the critique of transformational leadership to include an additional seven positive and two negative leadership styles, arguing that ' conflation ' affects all of the leadership style approaches.”
From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023
In the citing paper
“Studies have focused on exploring the positive outcomes of positive leadership and the negative outcomes of negative leadership (Fischer & Sitkin, 2023).”
From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023
In the citing paper
“Fischer and Sitkin contend that only behaviors should be included in measures.”
From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023
In the citing paper
“Criticism of survey-based leadership measures has been raised with moral approaches to leadership, including transformational, ethical, authentic, and servant leadership receiving the most attention (Fischer & Sitkin, 2023; Fischer et al., in press; van Knippenberg & Sitkin, 2013).”
From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023
In the citing paper
“Some of these directions, such as profiles of behaviors and a focus on followers/followership address criticisms leveled against extant leadership research (e.g., Fischer & Sitkin, 2023; Haslam et al., 2024).”
From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023
In the citing paper
“Valence-based conflation, which reflects situations in which otherwise quite distinct behaviors are clustered and labeled as being part of a style simply because of shared valence, may also lead to this phenomenon (Fischer and Sitkin, 2022).”
From Humble leadership and its outcomes: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Fischer and Sitkin, 2022
In the citing paper
“they may appraise leaders according to what good and bad leaders do rather than what leaders actually do (Fischer and Sitkin, 2022).”
From Humble leadership and its outcomes: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Fischer and Sitkin, 2022
In the citing paper
“raters (who usually are followers), may valence and conflate leader behaviors with underlying intentions, quality of execution, and realized effects.”
From Humble leadership and its outcomes: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Fischer and Sitkin, 2022
Citations
Cites
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Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 18
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–303 of 303
Winning at service recovery: the power of empowering leadership and proactive employees
Abdelhakim, A., Supina, S., Elsayed, Y. N. M. K., Khreis, S. H. A., & Abuelhassan, A. E. (2026) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-03-2026-0335
Bhatia, J. K., Karin, E., Rigotti, T., & Crane, M. F. (2026) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.70164
Huzooree, G., Doargajudhur, M. S., de Ruiter, C., & Dutot, V. (2026) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2026.102011
Metadata
- Authors
- Fischer, T., & Sitkin, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Duke University (US)
- Venue
- Academy of Management Annals
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2023-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 331-372
- ISSN
- 1941-6067 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-6520
- OpenAlex
- W4304092006
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 41
- FWCI
- 40.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Annals (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Organizational Leadership and Management Strategies
- Keywords
- leadership styles, leadership assessment, leadership typology
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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