Cited by 303Leadership and Management in OrganizationsEmployee Performance and LeadershipOrganizational Leadership and Management Strategies

Leadership Styles: A Comprehensive Assessment and Way Forward

Fischer, Thomas, Sitkin, Sim B.·2023·Academy of Management Annals

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.5465/annals.2020.0340

Cites

173 of 173 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Fischer and Sitkin argue that relations between leadership measures and outcomes are plagued by causal indeterminacy because it is not clear if intentions, behaviors, or effects are the main causal determinants.

    “These authors argue that relations between these leadership measures and outcomes are plagued by causal indeterminacy because it is not clear if intentions, behaviors, or effects are the main causal determinants.”

    From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023

  • Fischer and Sitkin (2023) extended the critique of transformational leadership to include an additional seven positive and two negative leadership styles, arguing that conflation affects all of the leadership style approaches.

    “Fischer and Sitkin (2023) extended the critique of transformational leadership to include an additional seven positive and two negative leadership styles, arguing that ' conflation ' affects all of the leadership style approaches.”

    From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023

  • Studies have focused on exploring the positive outcomes of positive leadership and the negative outcomes of negative leadership.

    “Studies have focused on exploring the positive outcomes of positive leadership and the negative outcomes of negative leadership (Fischer & Sitkin, 2023).”

    From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023

  • Fischer and Sitkin contend that only behaviors should be included in measures.

    “Fischer and Sitkin contend that only behaviors should be included in measures.”

    From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023

  • Criticism of survey-based leadership measures has been raised with moral approaches to leadership, including transformational, ethical, authentic, and servant leadership receiving the most attention.

    “Criticism of survey-based leadership measures has been raised with moral approaches to leadership, including transformational, ethical, authentic, and servant leadership receiving the most attention (Fischer & Sitkin, 2023; Fischer et al., in press; van Knippenberg & Sitkin, 2013).”

    From The evolution of leadership: Past insights, present trends, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as Fischer & Sitkin, 2023

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Authors
Fischer, T., & Sitkin, S. B.
Affiliations
  • University of Geneva (CH)
  • Duke University (US)
Venue
Academy of Management Annals
Published
2023-01
Volume
17
Issue
1
Pages
331-372
ISSN
  • 1941-6067 (ISSN-L)
  • 1941-6520
OpenAlex
W4304092006
Cited by
303
References
173
Citations by year
2026: 86 · 2025: 89 · 2024: 83 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 3
FWCI
40.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Academy of Management Annals (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Organizational Leadership and Management Strategies
Keywords
leadership styles, leadership assessment, leadership typology

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